Battle of Timor

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Timor


caption=An Australian commando, possibly Sgt Bill Tomasetti of the 2/2nd Independent Company, in typical mountain
terrain on Timor, on December 12, 1942.
(Photograph by Damien Parer.)
partof=World War II, Pacific War
date=February 19, 1942 – February 10, 1943
place=Netherlands Timor/Portuguese Timor, Timor (island), Netherlands East Indies/Portuguese Empire
result=Tactical Japanese victory; Allied strategic victory
combatant1=flag|Australia
flag|Netherlands
flag|United Kingdom
combatant2=flagicon|Japan|alt Empire of Japan
commander1=flagicon|Australia William Leggatt;
flagicon|Australia William Veale;
flagicon|Australia Alexander Spence;
flagicon|Australia Bernard Callinan
flagicon|Netherlands Nico van Straten
commander2= Sadashichi Doi (invasion);
Yuitsu Tsuchihashi (later campaign)
strength1=approx. 2,050 (peak garrison strength, February 1942); approx. 1,000 (peak commando strength, October 1942)
strength2=approx. 12,000 (peak, late 1942–early 1943)
casualties1=Netherlands: about 300 dead;
Australia: 151 dead (Sparrow Force);
UK: 5.
casualties2= about 2,000 dead.
casualties3=40,000–70,000 civilian dead; [http://web.archive.org/web/20060103133824/http://www.defence.gov.au/army/asnce/history.htm Department of Defence (Australia), 2002, "A Short History of East Timor"] Access date: January 3, 2007. ] |The Battle of Timor (1942–43) occurred on the island of Timor, in the Pacific theatre of World War II. It involved forces from the Empire of Japan—which invaded on February 20 1942—on one side and Allied personnel, predominantly from Australia and the Netherlands, on the other. Many Timorese civilians and some Portuguese colonists fought with the Allies as "criados" (guerrillas), or provided food, shelter and other assistance.

Allied soldiers, most of whom were Australian commandos, waged a raiding campaign against the Japanese. They were resupplied by aircraft and vessels, based mostly in Darwin, Australia, about 650 kilometres (400 mi) to the southeast, across the Timor Sea.

A whole Japanese division was tied up on Timor for more than six months, preventing its deployment elsewhere. The commandos' campaign lasted until February 10, 1943, when the last Australian soldiers were evacuated, making them the last Allied land forces to leave South East Asia, following the Japanese offensives of 1941–42. The Timorese continued a resistance campaign. For this they paid a heavy price: tens of thousands died as a result of indiscriminate attacks by Japanese forces, as well as other effects of the occupation.

Preparations

In 1941, the island of Timor was divided between two colonial powers: the Portuguese in the east and the Dutch in the west. The Australian and Dutch governments agreed that, in the event Japan entered World War II on the Axis side, Australia would provide forces to reinforce Netherlands Timor. Portugal, under pressure from Japan, maintained their neutrality. cite web|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/timor.asp|title=Fighting in Timor, 1942|publisher=Australian War Memorial] cite web|url=http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/japadvance/timor.html|title="Fall of Timor"|publisher=Australian Department of Veteran Affairs|date=2005|accessdate=2008-08-18]

Deployment of Sparrow Force

Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, a 1,400 strong Australian Army detachment, known as Sparrow Force, arrived at Kupang, in Dutch Timor, on December 12, 1941.

The force was initially commanded by Lieutenant Colonel William Leggatt and was centred on the Australian 8th Division's 2/40th Battalion (raised in Tasmania), and the commandos of the 2/2nd Independent Company (recruited mostly in Western Australia).

Sparrow Force joined about 650 Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) troops under Lt Col. Nico van Straten, including the Timor and Dependencies Garrison Battalion, a company from the VIII Infantry Battalion, a reserve infantry company, a machine-gun platoon from the XIII Infantry Battalion and an artillery battery.cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/dutcheastindies/timor_dutch.html|title=Dutch West Timor Island in 1942|first=L|last=Klemen]

The Allied land forces were supported by the 12 Lockheed Hudson light bombers of No. 2 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and a 189-strong contingent from the British Royal Artillery's 79th Light Anti-Aircraft Battery (which had served in the Battle of Britain).

The Allied forces were concentrated around Kupang and the strategic airfield of Penfui in the south-west corner of the Island, although other units were at Klapalima, Usapa Besar, Babau and Sparrow Force's supply base was further east at Champlong.

Allied occupation of Portuguese Timor

Up to this point, the government of Portugal had declined to cooperate with the Allies, relying on its claim of neutrality and plans to send about 800 soldiers from Mozambique, to defend the territory from any Japanese invasion. This left the Allied flank severely exposed, so a 400-strong Dutch-Australian force occupied Portuguese Timor on December 17. The Portuguese dictator, António de Oliveira Salazar, protested to the Allied governments. The governor of Timor declared himself a prisoner, to preserve the appearance of neutrality. However, no resistance was offered by the 500-strong Portuguese Army force, local authorities tacitly cooperated with the Allies, and the population generally welcomed them.

Most of the Dutch troops, under Van Straten, and the whole of the 2/2nd Independent Company, under Major Alexander Spence, were transferred to Portuguese Timor. They were distributed in smaller detachments around the territory. In January, the Allied forces on Timor became a key link in the so-called "Malay Barrier", defended by the short-lived American-British-Dutch-Australian Command. Additional Australian support staff arrived at Kupang on February 12, including Brigadier William Veale, who had been made the Allied commanding officer (CO) on Timor. By this time many members of Sparrow Force, most of whom were unused to tropical conditions, were suffering from malaria and other illnesses.

Japanese invasion

The airfields at Penfui came under attack from Japanese aircraft on January 26 and January 30. The raids were hampered by the British AA gunners and, to a lesser degree, by the 11 P-40s of the United States Army Air Forces's 33rd Pursuit Squadron, based in Darwin, Australia.

On February 16, an Allied convoy carrying reinforcements and supplies to Kupang — escorted by the heavy cruiser USS "Houston", the destroyer USS "Peary", and the sloops HMAS "Swan" and HMAS "Warrego" — came under intense Japanese air attacks and was forced to return to Darwin. The reinforcements on the aborted mission included an Australian pioneer battalion (2/4 Pioneer Battalion) and the 49th American Artillery Battalion U.S. Army. [http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_11403.asp]

Portuguese Timor

During the night of February 19–February 20, the Imperial Japanese Army's 228th Regimental Group, under the command of Col. Sadashichi Doi, began landing in Dili, the capital of Portuguese Timor. The Japanese ships were mistaken for vessels carrying Portuguese reinforcements, and the Allies were caught by surprise. Nevertheless, they were well-prepared, and the garrison began an orderly retreat, covered by the 18-strong Australian commando No. 2 section stationed at the airfield. The section managed to kill an estimated 200 Japanese in the first hours of the battle. Another section (No. 7 Section) was less fortunate, driving by chance into a Japanese roadblock. Although they surrendered, it is believed that all but one were massacred. [http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/timor/transcript.htm Remembering 1942] ]

The Australian commandos withdrew south and east into the mountainous interior, and about 200 Dutch East Indies troops, under Van Straten, headed southwest toward the border.

Dutch Timor

On the same night, Allied forces in Netherlands Timor were under extremely intense air attacks, which had already caused the RAAF force to be withdrawn to Australia. The bombing was followed up by the landing of the main body of the 228th Regimental Group, on the undefended southwest side of the island, at the Paha River. Light tanks were landed to support the Japanese infantry, and the force advanced north, cutting off the Dutch positions in the west and attacking the 2/40th Battalion positions at Penfui. A parallel Japanese thrust, to the north-east aimed to cut off the Allied retreat, at Usua. Sparrow Force HQ was immediately moved further east, towards Champlong.

Leggatt ordered the destruction of the airfield, but the Allied line of retreat towards Champlong had been cut off by the dropping of about 500 Japanese marine paratroopers, from the 3rd Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force, near Usua. Sparrow Force HQ moved further eastward, and Leggatt's men launched a sustained and devastating assault on the paratroopers, culminating in a bayonet charge. By the morning of February 23, the 2/40th had killed all but 78 of the paratroopers but had been engaged from the rear by the main Japanese force once again.

With his soldiers running low on ammunition, exhausted and carrying 132 men with serious wounds, Leggatt consulted his men and then accepted a Japanese invitation to surrender at Usua. The 2/40th had suffered 84 killed in action. More than twice that number died as prisoners of war during the next two and a half years.

Veale and the Sparrow Force HQ force — including about 290 Australian and Dutch troops — continued eastward across the border, to link up with the 2/2 Company.

Commando campaign

By the end of February, the Japanese controlled most of Netherlands Timor and the area around Dili in the northeast. However, they could not move into the south and east of the island without fear of attack. The 2/2nd Independent Company was hidden throughout the mountains of Portuguese Timor, and it commenced raids against the Japanese, assisted by Timorese guides and porters along with Timorese mountain ponies.

Although Portuguese officials, under Governor Manuel de Abreu Ferreira de Carvalho, remained officially neutral and in charge of civil affairs, both the Portuguese and the indigenous East Timorese were usually sympathetic to the Allies, who were able to use the local telephone system to communicate among themselves and to gather intelligence on Japanese movements. However they did not have functioning radio equipment and could not contact the outside world.

Doi sent the Australian honorary consul, David Ross, also the local Qantas agent, to find the commandos and pass on a demand to surrender. Spence responded: "Surrender? Surrender be fucked!" Ross gave the commandos information on the disposition of Japanese forces and also provided a note in Portuguese, stating that anyone supplying them would be later reimbursed by the Australian government. [http://www.airwaysmuseum.com/David%20Ross%20biog.htm]

In early March, Veale and Van Straten's forces linked up with the 2/2nd Company. A replacement radio — nicknamed "Winnie the War Winner" — was cobbled together and contact was made with Darwin. By May, Australian aircraft were dropping supplies to the commandos and their allies.

The Japanese high command sent a highly-regarded veteran of the Malayan campaign and the Battle of Singapore, a major known as the "Tiger of Singapore" (or "Singapore Tiger"; his real name is unknown), to Timor. On May 22, the "Tiger", mounted on a white horse, led a Japanese force towards Remexio. An Australian patrol, with Portuguese and Timorese assistance, staged an ambush and killed four or five of the Japanese soldiers. During a second ambush, an Australian sniper shot and killed the "Tiger." Another 24 Japanese soldiers were also killed, and the force retreated to Dili.cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/dutcheastindies/timor_port.html|title=The fightings on the Portuguese East Timor Island, 1942|first=L|last=Klemen|date=2000|accessdate=2008-08-18]

On May 24, Veale and Van Straten were evacuated from the south east coast by an RAAF Catalina and Spence was appointed CO, after being promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. On May 27, Royal Australian Navy (RAN) launches successfully completed the first supply and evacuation missions to Timor.

Relations between Ferreira de Carvalho and the Japanese deteriorated. His telegraph link with the Portuguese Government in Lisbon was cut. In June 1942, a Japanese official complained that the Governor had rejected Japanese demands to punish Portuguese officials and Timorese and civilians who had assisting the "invading army" (the Australians). On June 24, the Japanese formally complained to Lisbon, but did not take any action against Ferreira de Carvalho. [ [http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/%7Ecesa/History_of_Timor.pdf Geoffrey Gunn, 1999, "History of Timor"] ("Centro de Estudos sobre África e do Desenvolvimento"; "Universidade Técnica de Lisboa"), p.13 ]

In June, General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Allied Commander in the South West Pacific Area, received a report from General Thomas Blamey, as Allied land force commander, stating that a full-scale Allied offensive in Timor would require a major amphibious assault, including at least one infantry division (at least 10,000 personnel). Because of this requirement and the overall Allied strategy of recapturing areas to the east, in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, Blamey recommended that the campaign in Timor should be sustained for as long as possible, but not expanded. This suggestion was adopted.

Doi once again sent Ross with a message, complimenting Sparrow Force on its campaign so far, and again asking that it surrender. The Japanese commander drew a parallel with the efforts of Afrikaner commandos of the Second Boer War and said that he realised it would take a force 10 times that of the Allies to win. Nevertheless Doi said he was receiving reinforcements, and would eventually assemble the necessary units. This time Ross did not return to Dili, and he was evacuated to Australia on July 16.

Japanese counter-offensive

During August, the Japanese 48th Division, commanded by Lieutenant General Yuitsu Tsuchihashi, began arriving from the Philippines and were garrisoned Kupang, Dili and Malacca, relieving the Ito detachment. [Rottmann, G. World War II Pacific Island Guide. p.211] Tsuchihashi launched a major counter-offensive. Strong Japanese columns moved south — two from Dili and one from Manatuto on the northeast coast. Another moved eastward from Dutch Timor to attack Dutch positions in the central south of the island. The offensive ended on August 19, having secured the central town of Maubisse and the southern port of Beco. The Japanese were also recruiting significant numbers of Timorese civilians, who provided intelligence on Allied movements.

In late August, a parallel conflict began when the Maubisse rebelled against the Portuguese. [http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~cesa/History_of_Timor.pdf]

During September the main body of the Japanese 48th Division began arriving to take over the campaign. The Australians also sent reinforcements, in the form of the 450-strong 2/4th Independent Company — to be known as Lancer Force — on September 23. The destroyer HMAS "Voyager" ran aground at the southern port of Betano while landing the 2/4th, and had to be abandoned after it came under air attack. The ship's crew was safely evacuated by HMAS "Kalgoorlie" and HMAS "Warrnambool" on 25 September 1942 and the ship destroyed by demolition charges. [cite web |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/w/index.php/HMAS_Voyager_%28I%29 |title=HMAS Voyager (I) |accessdaymonth=23 August |accessyear=2008 |publisher=Royal Australian Navy] On September 27, the Japanese mounted a thrust from Dili towards the wreck of the "Voyager", but without any significant success.

By October the Japanese had succeeded in recruiting significant numbers of Timorese civilians, who suffered severe casualties when used in frontal assaults against the Allies. The Portuguese were also being pressured to assist the Japanese, and at least 26 Portuguese civilians were killed in the first six months of the occupation, including local officials and a Catholic priest. On November 1, the Allied high command approved the issuing of weapons to Portuguese officials, a policy which had previously been carried out on an informal basis. At around the same time, the Japanese ordered all Portuguese civilians to move to a "neutral zone" by November 15. Those who failed to comply were to be considered accomplices of the Allies. This succeeded only in encouraging the Portuguese to cooperate with the Allies, whom they lobbied to evacuate some 300 women and children.

Spence was evacuated to Australia on November 11, and the 2/2nd commander, Major Bernard Callinan was appointed Allied commander in Timor. On the night of November 30–December 1, the RAN mounted a major operation, to land fresh Dutch troops based in Australia at Betano, and evacuate 190 Dutch soldiers and 150 Portuguese civilians. The launch HMAS "Kuru" was used to ferry the passengers between the shore and two corvettes, HMAS "Armidale" and HMAS "Castlemaine". However, the "Armidale", carrying the Dutch reinforcements, was sunk by Japanese aircraft — almost all of those on board were lost.

During November, the Australian Army's public relations branch arranged to send the Academy Award-winning documentary filmmaker Damien Parer, and a war correspondent named Bill Marien, to Timor. Parer's film, "Men of Timor", was later greeted with enthusiasm by audiences in Allied countries. [http://www.awm.gov.au/people/78005.asp]

Withdrawal of the commando force

By the end of 1942, the chances of the Allies re-taking Timor were remote, as there were now 12,000 Japanese troops on the island and the commandos were coming into increasing contact with the enemy. The Australian chiefs of staff estimated that it would take at least three Allied divisions, with strong air and naval support to recapture the island.

On December 11–December 12, the remainder of the original Sparrow Force, except for a few officers, was evacuated with some Portuguese civilians, by the Dutch destroyer HNLMS "Tjerk Hiddes". [cite book|title=East Timor|first=Tony|last=Wheeler|link=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=SoIjzSgqGscC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=tjerk+hiddes+sparrow+force&source=web&ots=KWIbNZ2KPx&sig=kTamkUGqpuPEG-arykwnSMwGCpc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|pages=152|isbn=1740596447 p.96]

In the first week of January, the decision was made to withdraw Lancer Force. On the night of January 9–January 10, the bulk of the 2/4th and 50 Portuguese were evacuated by the destroyer HMAS "Arunta". A small intelligence team known as S Force was left behind, but its presence was soon detected by the Japanese. With the remnants of Lancer Force, S Force made its way to the eastern tip of Timor, where the Australian-British Z Special Unit was also operating. The remaining Allied forces were evacuated by the U.S. Navy submarine USS "Gudgeon" on February 10.

Aftermath

Japanese forces remained in control of Timor until their surrender in August 1945. While the commando campaign on Timor had little strategic value, the commandos and their civilian allies had prevented an entire Japanese division from reaching the New Guinea campaign. However, this had come at a high price, which included the deaths of 40,000 to 70,000 Timorese civilians.

ee also

*Battle of Timor Order of Battle

Notes

References

*Bernard J. Callinan: "Independent Company. The 2/2 and 2/4 Australian Independent Companies in Portugese Timor 1941–1943", William Heinemann Ltd, London (u.a.) 1953.
*Archie Campbell: "The double reds of Timor", John Burridge Military Antiques, Swanbourne 1995. ISBN 0646258257
*Colin D. Doig: "A history of the 2nd Independent Company and 2/2 Commando Squadron", Selbstverlag, Perth 1986. ISBN 073160668X
*Christopher C.H. Wray: "Timor 1942. Australian commandos at war with the Japanese", Hutchinson Australia, Hawthorn 1987. ISBN 0091574803

External links

* [http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/japadvance/timor.html Australian Department of Veterans Affairs, 2005, "Fall of Timor"]
* [http://www.geocities.com/dutcheastindies/timor_port.html L. Klemen, 1999-2000, "The fightings on the Portuguese East Timor Island, 1942" ]
* [http://www.geocities.com/dutcheastindies/east_timor.html L. Klemen, 1999-2000, "The East Timor Island, March 1942-December 1942" ]
* [http://www.geocities.com/dutcheastindies/timor_dutch.html L. Klemen, 1999-2000, "Dutch West Timor Island in 1942" ]
* [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/rss/nn20070428f1.html The Japan Times, 28.04.2007, East Timor former sex slaves start speaking out]