Symphony No. 21 (Haydn)

The "Symphony No. 21" in A major (Hoboken 1/21) was composed by Joseph Haydn around the year 1764. The symphony’s movements have unusual structures that make their form hard to identify. The parts that pertain to sonata form are often hard to recognize immediately and are often identified “only in retrospect.” [Haimo, Ethan. 1995. "Haydn's Symphonic Forms: Essays in Compositional Logic". Oxford: Claredon Press. p. 68]

Movements

The symphony is in four movements and is scored for two oboes, two French horns in A, violins I and II, viola, cello and basso continuo.
*I. Adagio
*II. Presto, 4/4
*III. Menuett and trio
*IV. Allegro molto

I: Adagio

The entire first movement is slow, with the tempo marking adagio. It is uncommon for Haydn to have an opening movement set at a slow pace for its entirety; usually he will begin a first movement with a slow tempo for an introduction but the main body will be at a faster tempo. [Haimo, Ethan. 1995. "Haydn's Symphonic Forms: Essays in Compositional Logic". Oxford: Claredon Press. p. 42] The slow section also ends on the tonic, an unusual ending for an introduction.

The first movement has a structure that corresponds with no formal type, and sharply contrasts with Haydn’s usual style of structuring movements. It is closest to sonata form but only vaguely. [Haimo, Ethan. 1995. "Haydn's Symphonic Forms: Essays in Compositional Logic". Oxford: Claredon Press. p. 45] The piece quickly reaches the dominant (m. 13), in which the opening ritornello is restated, but soon reverts to the tonic (m. 16). The dominant is suggested again in m. 26, but then segues into a development-like passage around m. 29-41. However, it does not conclude with a cadence. Instead of a half cadence on dominant, the development ends with a V⁴²-I⁶ progression that does not return to the opening theme. The tonic key immediately returns with an authentic cadence soon afterwards (m. 48).

II: Presto

The second movement has a mirror recapitulation, that is the “opening material does not return at the beginning of the recapitulation, but is instead transplanted to the end as a coda.” [Haimo, Ethan. 1995. "Haydn's Symphonic Forms: Essays in Compositional Logic". Oxford: Claredon Press. p. 48] This is unusual for both a work of Haydn’s and a symphony. [Haimo, Ethan. 1995. "Haydn's Symphonic Forms: Essays in Compositional Logic". Oxford: Claredon Press. p. 48] Haydn does this because the opening statement (m. 1-9) is played only in octaves instead of triads, a contrast with the rest of the piece. The next theme, beginning at m. 10, brings triads into the picture. The octave sonority does not return until the opening theme returns as the coda. As the material does not return in any form during the main body of the piece, the theme in octaves serves as an introduction to contrast with the rest of the movement. [Haimo, Ethan. 1995. "Haydn's Symphonic Forms: Essays in Compositional Logic". Oxford: Claredon Press. p. 51]

As for the body of the movement, the exposition is made of two parts, not three: a tonic section (mm. 1-16) and a dominant section (m. 17-42). Yet, the half cadence that divides the two sections in the exposition does not appear in the recapitulation; m. 15-21 do not have corresponding measures in the recapitulation. [Haimo, Ethan. 1995. "Haydn's Symphonic Forms: Essays in Compositional Logic". Oxford: Claredon Press. p. 52] This is because m. 17 corresponds with m. 10 but in the dominant. If m. 17 appeared in the recapitulation, it would be transposed into the tonic key, and therefore be a repetition violating sonata rules. [Haimo, Ethan. 1995. "Haydn's Symphonic Forms: Essays in Compositional Logic". Oxford: Claredon Press. p. 52]

III: Menuett and Trio

The opening eight bars of the Meneutt can be easily divided into antecedent and consequence respectively, ending on a half-cadence and an authentic cadence in tonic. The two phrases contrast sharply “in dynamics, in orchestration, in the rhythm of the accompaniment, and in the register of the upmost voice.” [Haimo, Ethan. 1995. "Haydn's Symphonic Forms: Essays in Compositional Logic". Oxford: Claredon Press. p. 59] These eight bars, the Menuett’s A section, appear slightly altered at the very end of the menuett as its A’ section; the viola and violoncello e basso parts descend in the first two measures instead of coming in on the second measure and ascending. In the Trio, the first two measures of the A section are immediately repeated, as happens in the second phrase as well.

The first eight notes of the menuett were used verbatim in the minuet of Mozart's Eine Kleine Nachtmusik (K. 525).HC Robbins Landon, Haydn: Chronicle and Works, 5 vols, (Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1976-) v. 1, Haydn: the Early Years, 1732-1765]

IV: Allegro molto

Movement iv is a “binary variant of sonata form in which the opening eight measures of the exposition do not return in the recapitulation. [Haimo, Ethan. 1995. "Haydn's Symphonic Forms: Essays in Compositional Logic". Oxford: Claredon Press. p. 61] The beginning theme does return (m. 41)before the recapitulation , but as the theme is now in dominant, it cannot be considered part of the recapitulation. The piece moves to dominant at m. 9 and remains so through m. 58. The recapitulation starts at m. 59 when the tonic returns, and m. 9-40 are replayed in A major to close the symphony.

Notes

References

* cite book
last = Haimo
first = Ethan
authorlink = Ethan Haimo
title = Haydn's Symphonic Forms: Essays in Compositional Logic
publisher = Claredon Press
location = Oxford
date = 1995
pages = 42-69
doi =
isbn = 0198163924