Therizinosaur

Taxobox | name = Therizinosaurs
fossil_range = Early - Late Cretaceous

---

image_width = 250px
image_caption = "Nothronychus".| regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Sauropsida
superordo = Dinosauria
ordo = Saurischia
subordo = Theropoda
superfamilia = Therizinosauroidea
superfamilia_authority = Maleev, 1954
subdivision_ranks = Families
subdivision =
* Alxasauridae
* Therizinosauridae (type)

Therizinosaurs (or segnosaurs) were theropod dinosaurs and members of the clade Therizinosauroidea. Therizinosaur fossils have been found in Early through Late Cretaceous deposits in Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and Western North America. Various features of the forelimbs, skull and pelvis unite them quite comfortably, both as theropods and, as maniraptorans, close relatives to birds.

The name "therizinosaur" is derived from the Greek "therizo" meaning 'to reap' or 'to cut off' and "sauros" meaning 'lizard'. The older name "segnosaur" is derived from Latin "segnis" meaning 'slow' or 'sluggish' and Greek "sauros" meaning 'lizard'.

Description

Therizinosaurs had a very distinctive, often confusing set of characteristics. Their long necks, wide torsos, and hind feet with four toes used in walking resembled prosauropod dinosaurs. Their unique hip bones, which pointed backwards and were partially fused together, initially reminded paleontologists of the "bird-hipped" ornithischians. Their claws and hands, however, were most like the carnivorous theropods. Because early finds were incomplete, this strange suite of anatomical features led some scientists, such as Gregory S. Paul, to conclude that segnosaurs ("Therizinosaurus" was not yet recognized as part of the group) represented a late-surviving suborder of primitive dinosaurs, sometimes thought of as intermediates between prosauropods and ornithischians. Because of their suspected relationship with prosauropods, early depictions of segnosaurs (including illustrations by Paul) portrayed them as semi-quadrupedal, a mode of locomotion now known to have been impossible given the bird-like nature of their wrists.Paul, G.S. (1988). "Predatory Dinosaurs of the World, a Complete Illustrated Guide". New York: Simon and Schuster. 464 p.] It was not until the mid-1990s, after "Alxasaurus" was discovered and shown to possess more typically theropod features, and "Therizinosaurus" was recognized as a member of the segnosaur group, that their true identity as herbivorous descendents of the carnivorous theropods became generally accepted.Russell, D.A., and Dong, Z. (1993). "The affinities of a new theropod from the Alxa Desert, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China." In Currie, P.J. (ed.). "Results from the Sino-Canadian Dinosaur Project. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences", 30: 2107-2127.] The relation between the more derived therizinosaurids and other theropods was greatly elucidated by the discovery of primitive members of the group, such as "Beipiaosaurus" in 1999 and "Falcarius" in 2005.Xu, X., Tang, Z-L., and Wang, X-L. (1999). "A therizinosauroid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China." "Nature", 399: 350-354.] The scientists who described "Falcarius" noted that it seemed to represent an intermediate stage between carnivorous and herbivorous theropods, a sort of "missing link" between predatory maniraptorans and plant-eating therizinosaurs.Kirkland, J.I., Zanno, L.E., Sampson, S.D., Clark, J.M., and DeBlieux, D.D. (2005). "A primitive therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Utah." "Nature", 435: 84-87.] Although they are now classified as theropods, therizinosaurs had skulls similar to those of sauropods and the shape of their teeth and jaws make it likely that they were herbivores.

Among the most striking characteristics of therizinosaurs are the enormous claws on their hands, which reached lengths of three feet in "Therizinosaurus". The unusual range of motion in therizinosaur forelimbs, which allowed them to reach forward to a degree other theropods could not achieve, also supports the idea that they were mainly herbivorous. Therizinosaurs may have used their long reach and strongly curved claws to grasp and shear leafy branches, in a manner similar to the prehistoric ground sloths.* Burch, S. (2006). "The range of motion of the glenohumeral joint of the therizinosaur "Neimongosaurus yangi" (Dinosauria: Theropoda)." "Chicago Biological Investigator", 3(2): 20. (Abstract).]

Skin impressions from "Beipiaosaurus" indicate that therizinosaurs were covered in primitive feathers, similar to those seen in the compsognathid "Sinosauropteryx". Therizinosaurs spanned a large range of sizes, from the small "Beipiaosaurus" (which measured 2.2m, or 7.3 ft in length), to the gigantic "Therizinosaurus", which at an approximate 10-12m (33-40 ft) long and an estimated weight of 6.2 tonnes, was among the largest known theropods.

ystematics

Taxonomy

Barsbold and Perle named the group Segnosauria as an infraorder of Theropoda in 1980.Barsbold, R., and Perle, A. (1980). "Segnosauria, a new infraorder of carnivorous dinosaurs." "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica", 25(2): 187–195.] Dong Zhiming (1992) went further, placing the segnosaurs in their own suborder, Segnosaurischia. This name has been abandoned since the discovery that segnosaurs are a specialized group within the suborder Theropoda. Clark "et al." in 2004 considered Segnosaurischia a synonym of Therizinosauroidea.

The superfamily Therizinosauroidea had been established by Maleev in 1954, to include only the bizarre, giant-clawed theropod "Therizinosaurus". When it was later realized that "Therizinosaurus" was an advanced segnosaur, Therizinosauroidea was given a phylogenetic definition to include both groups, and has largely replaced the use of the older name Segnosauria in phylogenetic studies, mainly because of the association of the name Segnosauria with the discredited idea that these animals were relatives of prosauropods.

*Superfamily Therizinosauroidea
**Genus "Beipiaosaurus"
**Genus "Falcarius"
**Genus "Nanshiungosaurus"
**Genus "Suzhousaurus"
**Family Alxasauridae
***Genus "Alxasaurus"
**Family Therizinosauridae
***Genus "Enigmosaurus"
***Genus "Erliansaurus"
***Genus "Erlikosaurus"
***Genus "Neimongosaurus"
***Genus "Nothronychus"
***Genus "Segnosaurus"
***Genus "Therizinosaurus"

Other possible therizinosaurs include "Thecocoelurus", and the Early Jurassic "Eshanosaurus", which would be the earliest known coelurosaur if it belongs to this group.

Phylogeny

The clade Therizinosauria was first defined by Dale Russell in 1997 as "Alxasaurus", "Enigmosaurus", "Erlikosaurus", "Nanshiungosaurus", "Segnosaurus", "Therizinosaurus", and all taxa closer to them than to oviraptorosaurs, ornithomimids, and troodontids. Paul Sereno, in 2005, modified this definition to the most inclusive clade containing "Therizinosaurus" but not "Ornithomimus", "Oviraptor", "Shuvuuia", "Tyrannosaurus", or "Troodon".Sereno, P. C. 2005. [http://www.taxonsearch.org/Archive/stem-archosauria-1.0.php Stem Archosauria—TaxonSearch] [version 1.0, 2005 November 7] ]

Therizinosauroidea, previously named as a superfamily with no phylogenetic definition, was first defined by Zhang "et al." in 2001, as the clade containing all theropods more closely related to "Therizinosaurus" than to birds (effectively replacing the older name Segnosauria, which has not yet been defined as a clade). This definition, however, defines the same group as the pre-existing Therizinosauria. An alternate definition was given by Clark in 2004 (as the last common ancestor of "Therizinosaurus" and "Beipiaosaurus" and all its descendants), comprising a narrower group that excludes more primitive therizinosaurs, such as "Falcarius", and allows the name Therizinosauria to remain in use for the larger group comprising all therizinosaurs. This definition was followed by Maryanska and Barsbold (2004) and Sereno (2005), though other subsequent studies, such as Senter (2007) have continued to use Therizinosauroidea for the therizinosaur "total group".Clark, J.M., Maryanska, T., and Barsbold, R. (2004). "Therizinosauroidea." Pp. 151– 164 in Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (eds.). "The Dinosauria", Second Edition. University of California Press., 861 pp.] Senter, P. (2007). "A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)." "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", (doi|10.1017/S1477201907002143).]

The following cladogram follows an analysis by Phil Senter, 2007.

clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
label1=Therizinosauroidea
1=clade
1="Falcarius"
label2=unnamed
2=clade
1="Beipiaosaurus"
label2=unnamed
2=clade
1="Alxasaurus"
label2=unnamed
2=clade
1="Nanshiungosaurus"
label2=Therizinosauridae
2=clade
1="Erliansaurus"
2="Nothronychus"
label3= unnamed
3=clade
1="Neimongosaurus"
label2= unnamed
2=clade
1="Segnosaurus"
label2= unnamed
2=clade
1="Erlikosaurus"
2="Therizinosaurus"

References

External links

* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/saurischia/therizinosauroidea.html Therizinosauroidae - UCMP, Berkeley]
* [http://www.bowdoin.edu/~dbensen/Spec/Therizinosauria-As.html Therizinosauria]
* [http://www.evowiki.org/index.php/Therizinosaurs Evo Wiki] (Uses creative commons license. Can not be wholesale copied into Wikipedia.)