Fusee (horology)

Used in older spring-powered mechanical watches and clocks, a fusee is a cone-shaped pulley with a spiral groove around it, wound with a cord or chain which is attached to the mainspring barrel. Fusees were used from the 1400s to the early 1900s to improve timekeeping by equalizing the uneven pull of the mainspring as it ran down.

Origin

The origin of the fusee is not known. Although many sources erroneously credit Jacob Zech of Prague with inventing it around 1525Milham 1945, p.126] [cite encyclopedia | title=Clock | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Americana | volume=28 | pages=429 | publisher=Grolier | year=2000 | id=ISBN 0717201120 ] [cite book | last=Crombie| first=Alistair | title=The History of Science from Augustine to Galileo | publisher=Dover | year=1995 | location= | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bGDScHy1clsC&pg=RA3-PA250&sig=a7TpPPjnbpd-0viYRTjbJcr2Gn4 | isbn=0-486-28850-1 , p.250] it actually appeared with the first spring driven clocks in the 1400s.cite book | last=White| first=Lynn Jr. | title=Medieval Technology and Social Change | publisher=Oxford Univ. Press | year=1966 | location=New York | isbn=0195002660 , p.127-128] cite book | last=Dohrn-van Rossum| first=Gerhard | title=History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders | publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press | year=1997 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=53K32RiEigMC&pg=PA121&sig=5huN81ukYRbSlxq4MsToTDIXYDY | isbn=0-226-15510-2 , p.121] The idea probably did not originate with clockmakers, since the earliest example is in a crossbow windlass in a 1405 military manuscript. Drawings from the 1400s by Filippo Brunelleschi cite web
last=Thompson
first=David
title=Chronology of Clocks
work =
publisher=Anthony Gray Clocks
year=2006
url=http://www.anthonygrayclocks.com/Horological%20Timeline.html
accessdate=2007-10-10 , author is Curator of Horology at the British Museum] and Leonardo da Vinci [cite book | last =Derry | first =T.K. | coauthors =Williams, Trevor | title =A Short History of Technology: From The Earliest Times To 1900 | publisher =Dover | year =1993| location =New York | url =http://books.google.combooks?id=PoAJbWm3nEUC&pg=PA227&sig=Fj3m2BugiKJ8HHkUn0Iu3zH3J3c | isbn = 0-486-27472-1, p.227] (left) show fusees. The earliest existing clock with a fusee, also the earliest spring-powered clock, is the "Burgunderuhr" (Burgundy clock) a chamber clock probably made for Phillip the Good, Duke of Burgundy about 1430, now in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum The earliest definitely dated fusee clock was made by Zech in 1525. The word fusee comes from the French "fusée" and late Latin "fusata", spindle full of thread.

How it works

The mainspring is coiled around a stationary post (arbor), inside a cylindrical box, the barrel. The force of the spring turns the barrel. In a fusee clock, the barrel turns the fusee by pulling on the chain, and the fusee turns the clock's gears.
#When the mainspring is wound up (Fig. 1), all the chain is wrapped around the fusee from bottom to top, and the end going to the barrel comes off the narrow top end of the fusee. So the strong pull of the wound up mainspring is applied to the small end of the fusee, and the torque on the fusee is reduced by the small lever arm of the fusee radius.
#As the clock runs, the chain is unwound from the fusee from top to bottom and wound on the barrel.
#As the mainspring runs down (Fig. 2), more of the chain is wrapped on the barrel, and the chain going to the barrel comes off the wide bottom grooves of the fusee. Now the weaker pull of the mainspring is applied to the larger radius of the bottom of the fusee. The larger lever arm compensates for the weaker force of the spring, keeping the drive force constant.
#To wind the clock up again, a key is fitted to the protruding squared off axle (winding arbor) of the fusee and the fusee is turned. The pull of the fusee unwinds the chain off the barrel and back onto the fusee, winding the mainspring.

The gear on the fusee drives the movement's wheel train, usually the center wheel. There is a ratchet between the fusee and its gear (not visible, inside the fusee) which prevents the fusee from turning the clock's wheel train backwards while it is being wound up. In quality watches and many later fusee movements there is also a "maintaining power" spring, to provide temporary force to keep the movement going while it is being wound. This type is called a "going fusee". It is usually a planetary gear mechanism (epicyclic gearing) in the base of the fusee "cone") which then provides turning power in the opposite direction to the 'winding up' direction therefore keeping the watch or clock running during winding.

Most fusee clocks include a 'winding stop' mechanism to prevent the mainspring and fusee from being wound up too far, possibly breaking the chain. As it is wound, the fusee chain rises toward the top of the fusee. When it reaches the top, it presses against a lever, which moves a metal blade into the path of a projection sticking out from the edge of the fusee. As the fusee turns, the projection catches on the blade, preventing further winding.cite book
last=Glasgow
first=David
title=Watch and Clock Making
publisher=Cassel
year=1885
location=London
url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9wUFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA63 , p.63-69]

History

Springs were first employed to power clocks in the 15th century, to make them smaller and portable. These early spring-driven clocks were much less accurate than weight-driven clocks. Unlike a weight on a cord, which exerts a constant force to turn the clock's wheels, the force a spring exerts diminishes as the spring unwinds. These clocks' primitive verge and foliot timekeeping mechanism was sensitive to changes in drive force. So spring-driven clocks slowed down over time as the mainspring unwound. This problem is called lack of isochronism.

Two solutions to this problem appeared with the first spring driven clocks; the "stackfreed" and the fusee. The stackfreed, a crude cam compensator, added a lot of friction and was abandoned after less than a century. [Milham 1945, p.230] The fusee was a much more lasting idea. As the movement ran, the tapering shape of the fusee pulley continuously changed the mechanical advantage of the pull from the mainspring, compensating for the diminishing spring force. Clockmakers apparently empirically discovered the correct shape for the fusee, which is not a simple cone but a hyperboloid. [cite book
last=Burnett
first=D. Graham
title=Descartes and the Hyperbolic Quest: Lens making machines and their significance to the 17th century
publisher=American Philosophical Society
year=2005
location=Philadelphia
isbn=0871699532
url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oAYNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29&sig=YhA-b15zNjGGxMsFutlFy4dOjfs , p.29] The first fusees were long and slender, but later ones have a more squat compact shape. Fusees became the standard method of getting constant force from a mainspring, used in most spring-wound clocks, and watches when they appeared in the 1600s.

At first the fusee cord was made of gut, or sometimes wire. Around 1650 chains began to be used, which lasted longer. Gruet of Geneva is widely credited with introducing them in 1664, [Milham 1945, p.126] although the first reference to a fusee chain is around 1540. Fusees designed for use with cords can be distinguished by their grooves, which have a circular cross section, where ones designed for chains have rectangular-shaped grooves.

Around 1726 John Harrison added the maintaining power spring to the fusee to keep marine chronometers running during winding, and this was generally adopted.

Obsolescence

Although a good mainspring compensator, the fusee was expensive, difficult to adjust and had other disadvantages:
*It was bulky and tall, and made pocketwatches unfashionably thick. [cite book|last=Thomson|first=Adam|title=Time and Timekeepers|year=1842|publisher=Boone|location=London|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9CgJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA143, p.143]
*If the mainspring broke and had to be replaced, a frequent occurrence with early mainsprings, the fusee had to be readjusted to the new spring.
*If the fusee chain broke, the force of the mainspring sent the end whipping about the inside of the clock, causing damage.
Isochronism was recognised as a serious problem throughout the 500 year history of spring-driven clocks. Many parts were gradually improved to mitigate this problem, until finally the fusee was made unnecessary in most timepieces.

The invention of the pendulum and the balance spring in the mid-1600s made clocks and watches much more isochronous, by making the timekeeping element a harmonic oscillator, with a natural 'beat' resistant to change. The pendulum clock with an anchor escapement, invented in 1670, was sufficiently independent of drive force that only a few had fusees. [Milham 1945, p.441]

In pocketwatches, the verge escapement, which required a fusee, was gradually replaced by escapements that were less sensitive to changes in mainspring force. In 1760 Jean-Antoine Lépine dispensed with the fusee, inventing a "going barrel" to power the watch gear train directly. This contained a very long mainspring, of which only a few turns were used to power the watch. Thus only a part of the mainspring's 'torque curve' was used, where the torque was approximately constant. In the 1780s, pursuing thinner watches, French watchmakers adopted the going barrel with the cylinder escapement. By 1850 the Swiss and American watchmaking industries employed the going barrel exclusively, aided by new methods of adjusting the balance spring so it was isochronous. England alone continued to make the bulkier full plate fusee watches until about 1900. [ [http://www.horologia.co.uk/glossary2.html Oliver Mundy, Glossary, The Watch Cabinet] ] After this, the only remaining use for the fusee was in marine chronometers, where the highest precision was needed, until they became obsolete in the 1970s.

References

*cite book | last=Dohrn-van Rossum| first=Gerhard | title=History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders | publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press | year=1997 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=53K32RiEigMC&pg=PA121&sig=5huN81ukYRbSlxq4MsToTDIXYDY | isbn=0-226-15510-2 , p.121
*
*cite book | last=White| first=Lynn Jr. | title=Medieval Technology and Social Change | publisher=Oxford Univ. Press | year=1966 | location=New York | isbn=0195002660 , p.127-128
*cite book | last=Glasgow | first=David | title=Watch and Clock Making | year=1885 | publisher=Cassel & Co. |location=London| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9wUFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA63, p.63-69

Notes