Bruno Liljefors

Bruno Andreas Liljefors (1860-1939) was a Swedish artist, the most important and probably the most influential wildlife painter of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.Hammond, Nicholas, "Modern Wildlife Painting", Pica Press, 1998, ISBN 1873403550, pp. 31-40.] He also drew some sequential picture stories, making him one of the early Swedish comic creators.

Life and work

Liljefors is held in high esteem by painters of wildlife and is acknowledged as an influence, for example, by American wildlife artist Bob Kuhn. All his life Liljefors was a hunter, and he often painted predator-prey action, the hunts engaged between fox and hare, sea eagle and eider, and goshawk and black grouse serving as prime examples. However, he never exaggerated the ferocity of the predator or the pathos of the prey, and his pictures are devoid of sentimentality.

The influence of the Impressionists can be seen in his attention to the effects of environment and light, and later that of Art Nouveau inhis "Mallards, Evening" of 1901, in which the pattern of the low sunlight on the water looks like leopardskin, hence the Swedish nickname "Panterfällen". Bruno was fascinated by the patterns to be found in nature, and he often made art out of the camouflage patterns of animals and birds. He particularly loved painting capercaillies against woodland, and his most successful painting of this subject is the largescale "Capercaillie Lek", 1888, in which he captures the atmosphere of the forest at dawn. He was also influenced by Japanese art, for example in his "Goldfinches" of the late 1880s.

During the last years of the nineteenth century, a brooding element entered his work, perhaps the result of turmoil in his private life, as he left his wife, Anna, and took up with her younger sister, Signe, and was often short of money. This darker quality in his paintings gradually began to attract interest and he had paintings exhibited at the Paris Salon.

He amassed a collection of animals to act as his living models. Ernst Malmberg recalled:

The animals seemed to have an instinctive trust and actual attraction to him...There in his animal enclosure, we saw his inevitable power over its many residents—foxes, badgers, hares, squirrels, weasels, an eagle, eagle owl, hawk, capercaillie and black game.

The greatness of Liljefors lay in his ability to show animals in their environment. Sometimes he achieved this through hunting and observation of the living animal, and sometimes he used dead animals: for example his "Hawk and Black Game", painted in the winter of 1883-4, was based on dead specimens, but he also used his memory of the flocks of black grouse in the meadows around a cottage he once lived in at Ehrentuna, near Uppsala. He wrote:

The hawk model—a young one—I killed myself. Everything was painted out of doors as was usually done in those days. It was a great deal of work trying to position the dead hawk and the grouse among the bushes that I bent in such a way as to make it seem lively, although the whole thing was in actuality a still life.

Assessment

Such practices have sometimes led to criticism of Liljefors' work; for example, Lars Jonsson has noted a "heraldisation" of the drama in "Golden Eagle Chasing a Hare", 1904, which causes a departure from pure naturalism, and he deduces from the position of the eagle's wing feathers that it would have been gliding rather than turning in reaction to the hare as painted.

However, Liljefors was a pioneer at a time when wildlife art was still emerging from its association with scientific depiction and taxidermy. And he set a standard of identification with the landscape which substantially influenced the subsequent development of wildlife art in the twentieth century.

References