Wilde Sau

Wilde Sau (German for "wild boar") was the term given by the Luftwaffe, during World War II, to the technique by which British night bombers were mainly engaged by single-seat fighter planes.

Origins

The originator of this procedure was the Luftwaffe officer Major Hajo Herrmann. A highly decorated bomber pilot, in early 1943 Herrmann was serving in a Luftwaffe staff position, studying operational practices and techniques, including counter-measures to the Allied Bombing offensive gathering apace at the time.

Implementation

In the spring of 1943 Herrmann proposed an experimental evaluation in the use of free-ranging, day fighters (and to a lesser extent night fighters) at night to counter the increasingly destructive RAF night attacks. Fighter planes were not directed as in the "Himmelbett" (four-poster bed) technique using the tactical guidance of radar ground stations to the target, but rather interception was based (after radio guidance to the general area of the bomber stream) simply on the pilot's vision and own judgement; Wilde Sau "wild boar" as opposed to the "Zahme Sau "tame boar" method wherein an interceptor was guided by ground control.

To this end - without AI radar - fighter pilots wherever possible sought to identify and intercept enemy bombers by sight. This was to be achieved by acting against the principle of the blackout and instead Herrmann proposed that the attacked city was to produce as much light as possible. Being contrary to orthodoxy, this method was resisted by the city Gauleiters and not enforced. As a substitute searchlights were used to illuminate the sky.

Initial tests -using ex flying instructors experineced in blind-flying techniques- suggested the ideal weather conditions were when a certain (not too thick) lower level cloud cover prevailed, since then the bomber would be silhouetted against the back-lit clouds and the high-flying German fighters could easily spot their targets.

Since the Wilde Sau technique only worked if there was adequate lighting, its application was limited to the immediate metropolitan city areas, as in most cases this was the only place where an assembly of sufficient searchlights was in place. It was therefore essential that the RAF's intended target was determined quickly. This was made more difficult to predict by the fact that the bomber stream often flew in a zigzag course across Reich territory.

In order to remove the threat from their own Flak, aircraft were limited to certain altitude bands. This "ceasefire" was initially only practised in the Berlin airspace, and it showed that co-ordination of fire breaks was problematic. As night flying aids in a day fighter were rudimentary, an accordingly elaborate system of visual aids to navigation was established, encompassing light beacons, searchlight patterns, Flak firing combinations of various tracer colours through the clouds and parachute flares.Fact|date=July 2008

The Firestorm Bombing of Hamburg proved disastrous for the Luftwaffe, after the Allies' first use of Window effectively knocked out the 'Himmelbett' radar defence system. As a result, every promising measure of preventing such recurrence was considered.

Hermann's original experimental unit was therefore rapidly expanded into a full Jagdgeschwader, Jagdgeschwader 300, who used the Wilde Sau tactic for the first time on the night of 3/4 July 1943, when 653 RAF aircraft attacked Cologne. The German fighters, taking advantage of the illumination from searchlights, target indicator flares and ground fires claimed 12 aircraft shot down, but had to share their claims with the anti-aircraft batteries who also claimed the downings.

As agreed, to avoid fratricide, anti-aircraft batteries restricted the height of their flak and the fighters operated above that pre-agreed ceiling. [http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/ RAF History - Bomber Command 60th Anniversary] , [http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul43.html Campaign Diary: July 1943] . Accessed 18 July 2008]

The employment of this procedure was most successful in the night of 23/24 August 1943, when Berlin was attacked. The "Wilde Sau" aircraft, under the personal leadership Geschwaderkommodore Hajo Herrmann, claimed 57 aircraft brought down. Herrmann received the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross for this action.Fact|date=July 2008

Limitations of this method of attack

If the cloud ceiling at the time of the attack too high, restricting the lighting effect, the optical conditions were insufficient to apply "Wilde Sau". The success of the attacks was also lost with the onset of bad winter weather in late autumn 1943, when wasteage through accidents and icing soared. German pilots were always at risk from their own anti-aircraft fire. Even if "Wilde Sau" were also partly accomplished by twin-engine night fighters, the bulk of the action was carried out by conventional day fighters borrowed from the conventional day fighter units. This double load of daily and night operations and the resulting erratic maintenance schedules meant servicability rates dropped drastically.

=Participating wings=

The specially established 30. Jagddivision consisting of Jagdgeschwader 300, 301 and 302, all named "Wild Sau", applied this technique. Also attached to 30. JD was III./KG 3 which was tasked to fly above the Bomber Stream and illuminate it with flares.

See also

*
*Night fighter

References