- Zeila
Infobox Settlement
official_name = Zeila
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pushpin_map_caption =Location in Somalia
subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_name = flag|Somalia
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subdivision_name1 =Awdal
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latd=11|latm=12|lats=|latNS=N
longd=43|longm=17|longs=|longEW=E
timezone =East Africa Time
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footnotes =Zeila ( _so. Saylac) is a port city on the
Gulf of Aden coast and is located in theAwdal region ofSomalia near theDjibouti border.It is located at coord|11.2105|N|43.2857|E|type:city, surrounded on three sides by the sea; landward the country is unbroken desert for some fifty miles.
Berbera is 170 miles southeast of Zeila, while theEthiopia n city ofHarar is 200 miles to the west.The town is known for its offshore islands,
coral reef andmangrove s. Its lack of a sufficient supply of good drinking water has historically hobbled its commercial value, pointed out as late as1698 , (in this instance in aDutch East India Company report). [Ref Ethiopia|Pankhurst-1982|pages= p. 64]History
Zeila has been identified with what was called in
Classical Antiquity the city of theAvalitae . According to Richard Pankhurst, the city first appears under its own name at least as early as 891, when the geographeral-Ya'qubi mentions Zeila in his "Kitab al-Balden " ("Book of the countries"). [Pankhurst, p. 54.] Zeila is described by successive geographers who includeal-Mas'udi , who wrote his "Murugal al-Dahab wa-Ma'adin al-Guwahir " ("Meadows of Gold and Mines of Precious Stones") "c." 935; andIbn Hawqal who described it as the port of embarkation from Ethiopia forHijaz andYemen in his "Kitab Surat al-'Ard " ("Configuration of the Earth"), which he completed in 988. Its importance as a trading port is further confirmed by
Sultanate of Adal in Zeila, Somalia.al-Idrisi andibn Said , who describe Zeila as a considerable town, a center of theslave trade . Pankhurst, amongst other writers, thoughtMarco Polo was referring to Zeila (then the capital of Adal) when he recounts how theSultan ofAden seized a bishop of Ethiopia traveling through his realm, attempted to convert the man by force, then had him circumcised according toIslam ic practice. This outrage provoked the Emperor into raising an army and capturing the Sultan's capital. [Pankhurst, p. 55.]The traveller
Ibn Battuta visited Zeila in 1329, but was not impressed at the city, writing that it was "the dirtiest, most disagreeable, and most stinking town in the world", which he blamed on the fish and the blood from thecamel s that they slaughtered in the streets. He claimed to have found the town so revolting that he spent the night aboard ship, despite the rough seas. [Ross E. Dunn, "The adventures of Ibn Battuta" (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), pp. 122f.]By this time, Zeila was subject to the
Walashma dynasty , who also ruled overIfat . Although later in the 14th century Zeila came under the sway of the rulers of Yemen, by the reign of SultanSa'ad ad-Din II the Walashma family had sufficient control of the town for that sultan to take refuge there in 1403 (other sources say1415 ) from EmperorDawit I . The Ethiopian Emperor besieged the sultan there for several days, depriving sultan Sa'ad ad-Din of water, until at last the Ethiopians entered the city and killed the unfortunate ruler. Following his death, the sultan came to be considered asaint , and his tomb was venerated for the next several centuries. [Pankhurst, p. 57.]Travellers' reports in the 16th century show that Zeila had become an important marketplace, despite being ravaged by the Portuguese in 1517 and 1528. Later that century, destructive raids by nearby Somali
nomad s caused the ruler of the port, Garad Lado, to have a strong wall built around Zeila.Although, with
Tadjoura , Zeila was one of the principal ports for the city of Harar and the regions ofAussa andShewa , the town declined in importance over the next centuries. Beginning in1630 , the port city became a dependency of the ruler of Mocha, who farmed out for a small sum the African port to one of the office-holders of Mocha, who in return collected a toll on its trade. Zeila was ruled on the spot by an Emir, whom Mordechai Abir describes "has some vague claim to authority over all of the "sahil", but whose real authority did not extend very far beyond the walls of the town. With the help of a small troop of mercenary matchlockmen and a number of canon, the governor defended the town against the disunited Somali nomads who roamed in the area, and against pirates who operated in theGulf of Aden . [Ref Ethiopia|Abir-1968|pages= p. 15. Abir defines the "sahil" as "the coast", which stretched from theGulf of Tadjoura toCape Guardafui ] By the first half of the nineteenth century, Zeila was a mere shadow of its former self, "a large village surrounded by a low mud wall, with a population that varied according to the season from 1,000 to 3,000 people." [Abir, "Era of the Princes", p. 14] Zeila retained what little importance as the port ofHarar , and beyond it Shewa, but as a new route was opened between Tadjoura and Shewa, Zeila declined further. [Abir, "Era of the Princes", p. 16]From about 1821 to 1841, Muhammad Ali, Pasha of
Egypt came to control Yemen and the "sahil" with Zeila included. Local merchants like "Haj" Ali Shermerki and Abu Bakr were made rulers of Zeila by the Egyptians in return for a small tribute, but in 1885 Zeila and its eastern neighborBerbera were annexed intoBritish Somaliland .The construction of a railway from Djibouti to
Addis Ababa in the late 19th century continued the decline of Zeila. At the beginning of the next century Zeila was described in the "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica " as having a "good shelteredanchor age much frequented byArab sailing craft." However, heavy draught steamers are obliged to anchor a mile and a half from the shore. Small coasting boats lie off the pier and there is no difficulty in loading or discharging cargo. The water supply of the town is drawn from the wells ofTakosha , about three miles distant; every morning camels, in charge of old Somali women and bearing goatskins filled with water, come into the town in picturesque procession. ... [Zeila's] imports, which reach Zaila chiefly via Aden, are mainlycotton goods,rice ,jowaree , dates andsilk ; the exports, 90% of which are from Abyssinia, are principallycoffee , skins,ivory ,cattle ,ghee andmother-of-pearl .Modern times
Since the war, Zeila has been bombed frequently and nearly all the buildings were either demolished or semi-demolished. Residents fled the town and emigrated to neighbouring countries such as
Djibouti . Remittance money sent from overseas relatives contributed tremendously in the reconstruction of the town as well as the trade and fishing industry.Notes
External links
* [http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=47&cid=2 Sir Richard Burton's account of Zeila in the late 19th century]
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