Azuara impact structure

The 35-40 km-diameter Azuara impact crater is located in northeast Spain roughly 50 km south of Zaragoza. The name is attributed to the small town of Azuara located near the center of the structure. The first hint to a possible impact origin was given by Dr. Wolfgang Hammann (†) as early as 1980, and the first field evidence was provided by Dr. Johannes Fiebag (†) in the early eighties. In 1985, Ernstson et al. Ernstson K., Hammann W., Fiebag J. and Graup G. (1985) Evidence of an impact origin for the Azuara structure (Spain). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 74:361-370] published the occurrence of shock metamorphism, and Azuara was established (Grieve & Shoemaker 1994, Hodge 1994, Norton 2002 Grieve R. A. F. and Shoemaker E. M. (1994) The record of past impacts on Earth. In Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids, edited by T. Gehrels. Space Science Series Tucson, Arizona, USA: Univ. Arizona Press. pp. 417-462] Hodge P. (1994) Meteorite craters and impact structures of the Earth. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 124 p.] "Norton, O.R. (2002) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Meteorites"] as an authentic impact structure. From stratigraphic considerations and paleontological dating, its age is estimated to be Upper Eocene or Oligocene (roughly 30 - 40 Mill. years old).

The Azuara structure exhibits a roughly circular morphology implying a partly pronounced outer ring. The inner part is covered by post-impact Upper Tertiary sediments, however in the outer rim zone, the outcrop conditions are excellent.

= Impact featuresErnstson K. and Claudin F. (1990) Pelarda Formation (Eastern Iberian Chains, NE Spain): Ejecta of the Azuara impact structure. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh.:581-599.] Ernstson K. and Fiebag J. (1992) The Azuara impact structure (Spain): new insights from geophysical and geological investigations. Int. J. Earth Sci. (Geol. Rundschau) 81(2):403-427 [http://www.springerlink.com/content/h3817t72781601tn/] ] Ernstson, K., Claudin, F., Schüssler, U. & Hradil, K. (2002): The mid-Tertiary Azuara and Rubielos de la Cérida paired impact structures (Spain). - Treb. Mus. Geol. Barcelona, 11, 5 - 65. [http://impact-structures.com/pdfall.pdf] ] =

The impact nature is documented by abundant polymictic and monomictic breccias, breccia dikes, extensive megabreccias and impact ejecta, dislocated megablocks, geophysical anomalies and shock metamorphism. Shock effects like melt glass, diaplectic glass, planar deformation features (PDFs) are found in breccias and breccia dikes, and PDFs are abundant also in quartzite clasts contributing to the ejecta (Pelarda Formation).

Shock metamorphism in the Azuara impact structure: Planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz. The histogram displays frequencies of crystallographically controlled planes of microdeformation. The and occurrences are especially diagnostic and are generally considered as in proof of impact shock. Analysis made by Dr. Ann Therriault.

Controversy

Like many other impact structures in the world, such as Nördlinger Ries, the Vredefort crater, or the Sudbury Basin, the origin of the Azuara structure has been debated, and Spanish regional geologists still remain opposed to an impact origin.Cortés A. L., Diaz-Martínez E., Sanz-Rubio E., Martínez-Frías J. and Fernández C. (2002) "Cosmic impact versus terrestrial origin of the Azuara structure (Spain): A review." "Meteoritics & Planetary Science" 37: 875-894.] In their opinion the shock effects are tectonic features, the impact ejecta (Pelarda Formation) are Quaternary alluvial fans and impact breccias and dike breccias are interpreted as karst features and soil formations. The opposition against the impact origin for Azuara has been supported by a misleading analysis and paper (Langenhorst & Deutsch 1996 Langenhorst F. and Deutsch A. (1996) "The Azuara and Rubielos structures, Spain: Twin impact craters or Alpine thrust systems? TEM investigations on deformed quartz disprove shock origin" (abstract). "Lunar and Planetary Science" XXVII.] ) denying the occurrence of shock metamorphism in Azuara rocks. Obviously based on this misleading paper and analysis, Azuara was removed from the Canadian Impact Data Base when its management changed to the University of New Brunswick. Azuara is still listed as a confirmed impact structure in other data bases, e.g. Moilanen, J. Moilanen J. (2004) "List of impact structures of the World." 1 June 2004. [http://www.somerikko.net/old/geo/imp/impacts.htm] ] .

Companion impact structures

Since 1994 evidence has been strengthened that Azuara is only part of a much larger multiple impact event (Azuara impact event), comprising also an elongated impact basin suggested to have resulted from the impact of a string of impactors. This Rubielos de la Cérida basin [http://impact-structures.com/spain/rubielos.htm] bears all evidence of impact features like morphological signature, polymictic and monomictic breccias, megabreccias, ejecta deposits, shock metamorphism, suevites and impact melt rocks Ernstson, K., Claudin, F., Schüssler, U., Anguita, F. and Ernstson, T. 2001. Impact melt rocks, shock metamorphism, and structural features in the Rubielos de la Cérida structure, Spain: evidence for a companion to the Azuara impact structure, in: Impact markers in the stratigraphic record, 6th ESF-IMPACT workshop Granada, abstract book: 23-24. [http://www.granada-workshop.impact-structures.com/meltrocks.htm] ] Ernstson, K., Rampino, M. R., and Hiltl, M. (2001) Cratered cobbles in Triassic Buntsandstein conglomerates in northeastern Spain: An indicator of shock deformation in the vicinity of large impacts. Geology, 29: 11-14. [http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/29/1/11-a] ]

References

External links

* [http://impact-structures.com/spain/azuara.htm Comprehensive report on the Azuara structure]
* [http://impact-structures.com/spain/rubielos.htm Comprehensive report on the Rubielos de la Cérida basin]
* [http://www.somerikko.net/old/geo/imp/impacts.htm Jarmo Moilanen's list of impact structures of the world]
* [http://impact-structures.com/breccia/breccia.htm The impact breccia page]
* [http://impact-structures.com/suevite/the_suevite_page.htm The suevite page]