Washington State Capitol

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name = Washington State Capitol Historic District
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caption =Legislative Building
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location =State Capitol and environs
Olympia, Washington
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added = June 22, 1979
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refnum =79002564
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governing_body = The Washington State Capitol in Olympia, Washington is the seat of government of the state of Washington. Instead of a single building, as in most states, the capitol consists of a campus with several buildings on it. The Washington State Legislature, Washington State Supreme Court, and governor's mansion are all located on the capitol campus.

After Olympia became the capital of the Washington Territory in 1854, the city's founder, Edmund Sylvester, gave the legislature 12 acres (49,000 m²) of land upon which to build the capitol, located on a hill overlooking what is now known as Capitol Lake. A two-story wood-frame building was constructed on the site, where the legislature met starting in 1856. When President Benjamin Harrison approved Washington's state constitution in 1889, he donated 132,000 acres (534 km²) of federal lands to the state, with the stipulation that income from the lands was to be used solely for construction of the state capitol.

The legislature formed the State Capitol Commission in 1893 to oversee the creation of a new capitol building on the property in Olympia. The commission held a nationwide competition to find an architect, and chose the submission of Ernest Flagg. Construction began on Flagg's plan, but was soon stalled by poor economic conditions with only the foundation completed. When the legislature finally passed an appropriation of additional funds in 1897, newly-elected Governor John Rogers vetoed it. Rogers advocated the purchase of an existing building for use as the state capitol: the Thurston County Courthouse in downtown Olympia. The legislature approved the new location, and began meeting there in 1905.

The courthouse became the location of all agencies of the state government, and within a few years the legislature decided the building was too small. A new State Capitol Commission met in 1911 to build a group of buildings, rather than a single facility, to serve as the capitol. The commission held another competition for an architect, and selected the design submitted by the firm of Walter Wilder and Harry White. Construction began in 1912, and the Temple of Justice was completed in 1920, followed by the Insurance Building and the power and heating plant. After multiple revisions to the plans, the Legislative Building was completed in 1928. Additional buildings on the capitol campus were constructed over the next several decades.

Buildings

The Legislative Building houses the Washington State Legislature and the offices of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, and Treasurer. This building is the dominant feature of the capitol grounds, with its dome reaching a height of 287 feet (87 m), making it the fourth tallest self-supporting masonry dome in the world.

Facing the Legislative Building is the Temple of Justice, home to the State Supreme Court and the State Law Library.

The Governor's Mansion is located immediately west of the Legislative Building. Built before the rest of the capitol campus in 1908, the four-story Georgian-style mansion was intended as a temporary structure, and over the years the state legislature has considered replacing it with an office building or a new mansion. The legislature decided to renovate and remodel the existing building in 1973, and since then the private, non-profit Governor's Mansion Foundation has furnished and maintained the mansion's public rooms.

The capitol campus is the location of the General Administration Building, the John A. Cherberg Senate office building, the Irv Newhouse Senate office building, Insurance Building, the John L. O'Brien House office building and several other office buildings. The Capitol Conservatory, built in 1939 by the Works Progress Administration, houses various types of flora. The campus also hosts many veterans memorials.

Earthquakes

Three major earthquakes have rocked the capitol since its construction. The first, in 1949, damaged the cupola of the Legislative Building's dome so badly it had to be completely replaced. A 6.5 magnitude quake in 1965 had even worse results, with the dome's brick buttresses left in such poor condition that a major aftershock could have caused them to collapse entirely, according to a state report. [ [http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=quakedome04m&date=20010304 Search Results | Seattle Times Newspaper ] ] The state worked on the capitol after both earthquakes to reduce the impact of future occurrences, and performed additional seismic improvements in 1975. The Nisqually earthquake of 2001 caused further damage, including a splintered buttress, but the earthquake-proofing work prevented more serious harm to the building. [ [http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=quakedome05m&date=20010305 Search Results | Seattle Times Newspaper ] ]

The capitol dome, weighing 26,000 metric tons, was not held in place by any bolts or fasteners, but by gravity alone. During an earthquake, the dome could shift, along with the sandstone columns supporting it. The columns moved up to three inches (76 mm) during the Nisqually quake. Renovations completed in 2004 permanently fixed the dome to the rest of the building.

Quirks of law and security

Because the Capitol grounds are outside the normal jurisdiction of Olympia and/or Thurston County, the police and sheriff do not investigate crime on the Capitol campus. The Washington State Patrol is responsible for law enforcement and investigations on the Capitol grounds as well as at the Old Capitol Building and adjoining Sylvester Park in downtown Olympia. The Senate and House also have stand-alone security details.

After 9/11, there had been a security checkpoint at the entrance to the Capitol building, complete with magnetometer and x-ray machine, but security has since reverted to its original state. Pocket knives are not allowed, but handguns are, for concealed carry permit holders only. [ [http://www.theolympian.com/home/specialsections/CapitolRenovation/20050103/59317.shtml] Dead link|date=March 2008]

Interesting facts

There are 42 steps leading up to the capitol building, specifically designed to recognize Washington as the 42nd state.

The Washington capitol building has one of five 42-star flags. These were never official flags, because Idaho became a state shortly after their release.

The building features marble from five different countries.

The lamp above the rotunda can fit a full-size Volkswagen Beetle if put in sideways, and the faces and human figures are lifesize.

All lamps, and Roman firepots in the rotunda, were made by Tiffany's.

The state seal, which is featured throughout the building, was designed by Talcots, by making two circles and putting a two-cent stamp of George Washington in the middle.

The bust of George Washington has a very shiny nose because it is considered good luck to rub the nose of the bust. The nose of George Washington from the state seal in the rotunda, however, is becoming flattened because it is continually stepped on, causing the brass, a soft metal, to sink in.

References

* Johnston, Norman J. "Washington's Audacious State Capitol and Its Builders". Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988.

External links

* [http://www.ga.wa.gov/visitor/ State Capitol Visitor Information]
* [http://www.ga.wa.gov/Visitor/VirtualTour/main.html State Capitol Virtual Tour]
* [http://www.governor.wa.gov/about/mansion/default.htm Governor's Mansion]
* [http://www.wagovmansion.org/ Governor's Mansion Foundation]
* [http://www1.leg.wa.gov/legislature/ Washington State Legislature]
* [http://www.mind.net/dlmark/capwash.htm Washington State Capitol] - Photographs from a visit to the capitol