Battle of Otterburn

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Otterburn
partof=Anglo-Scottish border conflicts


caption=
date=5 August or 19 August, 1388
place=1 mile northwest of Otterburn, Northumberland
result=Scottish victory
combatant1=Scotland
combatant2=England
commander1=James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas†
commander2=Henry "Hotspur" Percy
strength1=around 6000
strength2=around 8000
casualties1=around 500
casualties2=1,800 + killed, wounded, and captured:"For the ballad see The Battle of Otterburn (ballad)."The Battle of Otterburn took place according to Scottish sources on 5 August 1388 [Tom Steel, Scotland's Story ISBN 0006370039 p 57 ] [The Hundred Years' War by Anne Curry p 53 ISBN 1841762695] , or 19 August according to English sources [The English and Scottish Popular Ballads by Francis James Child p 292 ISBN 0486431452] [Border Fury, England and Scotland at War 1296-1568 by John Sadler p 275 ISBN 1405840226] as part of the continuing border war between England and Scotland. Partly fought in moonlight, it was a victory for the Scots, led by James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas, over Harry Hotspur, son of the Earl of Northumberland. Douglas was killed in the battle, though his victory added to the prestige of his house, foremost among the border fighters of Scotland.

To Newcastle

When the latest truce with England ended in the high summer of 1388, the Scots began attacks on both the western and eastern marches, taking advantage of growing divisions between two powerful families, the Percys and the Nevilles, the English wardens. In August, the Earl of Douglas led a particularly bold move against the port of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. This was risky: he was not equipped to carry out a siege; Newcastle was one of the main muster points for English troops in the north, so it was likely there would be more soldiers inside the town defending than outside attacking; and with the Earl of Northumberland at Alnwick, there was always a danger that his retreat would be cut off. But the very audacity of Douglas' move had the effect of convincing the English that his force was only the vanguard of a much larger army close by. Frequent skirmishes took place at the outer defences of the western wall. In the account of Jean Froissart, Douglas is said to have captured Hotspur's own pennon, though this story reads as if it has been added to provide some romantic colour, a technique in which the chronicler excels.

When Hotspur woke on the morning of the 18th, it was to find that his opponent had vanished in the night. By now, the deception was clear, and he determined to set off in pursuit with all haste before the enemy had a chance to slip back across the border. Hotspur had at his disposal some 8000 troops and, true to his impetuous nature, he decided to set off at once, rather than wait for reinforcements promised by John de Fordham, the Bishop of Durham.

To Otterburn

After leaving Newcastle, Douglas moved in a north-westerly direction, making for the valley of the River Rede, intending to take the same route back to Scotland by which he had entered England. He was in no particular hurry, despite the obvious dangers of his situation. His force, of course, was weighed down with livestock and other booty; but when he reached the tower of Ponteland, a few miles from Newcastle, he paused to attack this unimportant obstacle, thus alerting Hotspur to the direction of his retreat.

By the evening of the same day, he reached the valley of the Rede at a place called Otterburn. Here Douglas set up camp across the road, with his right flank close to the river and his left stretching out on the slope leading up to the moors, approximately one mile beyond Otterburn Tower. Most of the following day-Wednesday 19 August-was spent in unsuccessful assaults on the tower. With his men tired by their exertions Douglas prepared to settle down for a second night on the banks of the Rede. Believing himself safe from attack, he did not even take the precaution of posting sentries, an action suggesting a dangerous degree of overconfidence. But for the outcome of what was to follow history is likely to have passed a very different verdict on the second Earl of Douglas.

Hotspur's Attack

Hotspur made good progress in his march from Newcastle, but it is likely that he believed the enemy to be farther ahead. When he entered the valley of the Rede in the dying summer light of the 19th, he was simply looking for a place to camp: his men were tired and stretched out in a long column reaching back to Ponteland. But there, a short distance to the front, were the Scots. Two choices were open to him: to wait for the morning, allowing his men to rest and regroup before beginning the battle, thus allowing the usual English superiority in the longbow to have its full effect; or to take the high-risk strategy of beginning an immediate attack, hoping to gain the advantage of surprise. Hotspur would not wait for dawn: battle would be joined at once. To prevent the Scots slipping away, he detached part of his force on a wide sweep to the north, past the Scottish left flank and then, in the word's of John Hardyng's Chronicle, to "holde them in that they fled not away" while the main body of the army launched a frontal attack.

'A Douglas!' 'A Douglas!'

With the sudden approach of the English in the fading light, there was considerable confusion in the Scottish camp, taken by complete surprise. The "Chronicle of Pluscarden" describes the scene thus;

:"They rose at once and rushed to arms, but scarcely could a bare half of them arm themselves. The Earl of Douglas also rose, and in his haste could hardly put on his armour or fasten it with the buckles, owing to the confusion of the sudden onslaught of the enemy; so he rushed forward with uncovered face to marshall the line of the battle."

Gathering as many men as he could, Douglas began a counter-attack that was to win him a battle and immortality. He approached Percy's right flank to the north, racing swiftly along a wooded hillside, with a slight depression covering his approach for the last two hundred yards, before falling on the astonished Englishmen by the light of the autumn moon with loud cries of 'A Douglas!' 'A Douglas!' The ensuing battle was one of the strangest in all the Anglo-Scottish wars. Because of the poor visibility, Percy was unable to make effective use of his archers. Each man fought in a grim hand-to-hand contest, with only enough light to see for a short distance around him. The spectral combat ceased whenever clouds flitted across the face of the moon, allowing all a welcome rest in the darkness, only to begin again with renewed vigour when the wind carried them past. In these conditions, the combat continued for several hours, amidst the shrieks of the wounded and dying, over ground slippery with blood.

At some point during the night, Earl James was killed, but by whom and in what manner is unknown, despite Froissart's theatrical account. Andrew of Wyntoun, the Scottish chronicler, simply says; "Bot Errl James thar was slane, that na man whist on quhat manner."

His body was found the following morning, stripped of his armour and with a great wound in his neck. Unaware of his death, his comrades fought on, steadily pushing the English downhill. As dawn broke, Hotspur's army began to crumble, with men fleeing the field in increasing numbers. Hotspur was taken prisoner, as was his brother, Ralph, who had been badly wounded. Altogether over 1800 men were slain or captured. A number of Scots were also taken prisoner in their over-hasty pursuit of the English.

It was said that Douglas uttered "Earl Percy sees my fall." as he lay dying. Whether true or not, they became a proverb which was applied to cases where an old rival is witness of a man's discomfiture. ["Heart of Midlothian," ch. 12] [Proverbs, Proverbial Expressions, and Popular Rhymes of Scotland By Andrew Cheviot [http://www.google.com/books?id=XsC6Dy8A2d4C&pg=PA92&dq=Otterburn&ei=ahUyR5aiF5j06AKruoDCAQ] ]

A Dead Man's Victory

When the Battle of Otterburn was being fought, the Bishop of Durham was on his way from Newcastle with 2000 cavalry and 5000 infantry. They arrived at Ponteland on the morning of 20 August, where they met groups of men fleeing from the battlefield, which had such a demoralising effect that the whole force retired.

The principal cause of the English defeat is simply stated-Hotspur was a brave soldier but a bad commander, a truth summarised by the "Westminster Chronicle";

:"The calamity that befell our countrymen on this occasion of Otterburn was due in the first place to the heady spirit and excessive boldness of Sir Henry Percy, which caused our troops to go into battle in the disorder induced by haste: and in the second place because the darkness played such tricks on the English that when they aimed a careless blow at a Scotsman, owing to the chorous of voices speaking the same language, it was an Englishman that they cut down."

When news of the defeat reached London, the search for scapegoats began immediately. The obvious candidate was the Bishop of Durham, who was criticised by the Royal Council for arriving too late to help Hotspur. Curiously, no official blame was attached to the commander himself for his military incompetence. He was generally perceived as a rather heroic figure, with King Richard and Parliament both contributing towards the cost of his ransom.

The body of Douglas was taken back to Scotland and buried with all honours beside that of his father at Melrose Abbey. Of such renown was the battle of Otterburn that several ballads were later composed in its honour including "The Battle of Otterburn" and "The Ballad of Chevy Chase" (Child ballads 161 and 162). Chevy Chase rather mangles the history of the battle and may be confusing it with other conflicts at around the same time, but it is still cited as one of the best of the ancient ballads. In "The Battle of Otterburn", Douglas has a premonition of his death;

:"Last night I dreamed a dreary dream,:From beyond the Isle of Skye,:I saw a dead man win a fight,:And I think that man was I."

A dead man had indeed won a fight. This quotation was later powerfully referenced by the British war movie "The Man Who Never Was".

Clans Involved in the Battle

Some of the various Scottish Clans involved in this battle were the Johnstones, Grahams, Gordons, and Lindsays. [Lean's Collection By Vincent Stuckey Lean p 266. [http://www.google.com/books?id=139q7Wmb5vYC&pg=PA266&dq=Otterburn+johnston&ei=ChgyR9rsB4rM7QLcpeHFAQ] ]

In Popular Culture

* In Eva Ibbotson's novel, "Great Ghost Rescue", a ghost of a Scotsman is said to have been slain in the battle of Otterburn.
* The above stanza from "The Battle of Otterburn" opens the film version of "The Man Who Never Was."
* Quotes from the poem are also used extensively in "Lord of Samarcand" by Robert E. Howard.

References

PRIMARY
* Froissart, Jean, "Chronicles", 1903 ed.
* Hardyng, John, "Chronicles", 1812.
* "Pluscarden, the Book of", ed. F. H. Skene, 1880.
* "The Westminster Chronicle, 1381-1394", ed. and trans. by L. C. Hector and B. F. Harvey, 1982.
* Wyntoun, Andrew of, "Origynal Chronicle of Scotland", ed F. J. Amours, 1908.

SECONDARY
* Grant, A., "The Otterburn War from a Scottish Point of View", in War and Border Societies in the Middle Ages, ed A. Goodman and A. Took, 1992.
* Robson, J., "Border Battles and Battlefields", 1897.
* Nigel Tranter, "The Stewart Trilogy", Dunton Green, Sevenoaks, Kent : Coronet Books, 1986. ISBN 0-3403-9115-4. "Lords of Misrule, 1388-1396. A Folly of Princes, 1396-1402. The Captive Crown, 1402-1411".
* Tyson, C, "The Battle of Otterburn: When and Where was it Fought?," in War And Border Societies, see above.
* Walton, R. H., "The Otterburn Story," in History of the Berwickshire Naturalist Club, vol. 35, 1961.
* Wesencraft, C. F., "The Battle of Otterburn", 1988.
* White, R. H., "The History of the Battle of Otterburn", 1857.

External links

* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=FroChro.sgm&
]
*mmukscaled|NY877936|25|Map sources for Percy's Cross which marks the battlefield
* [http://www.borderballads.gallowayfolk.co.uk/battleof.htm Various versions of the ballad "The Battle of Otterburn"]
* [http://www.otterburntower.com Otterburn Tower - Northumbrian country house founded by a cousin of William the Conqueror in 1086]