The Liberty Bell (annual)

"The Liberty Bell, by Friends of Freedom", was an annual Abolitionist gift book, edited and published by Maria Weston Chapman, to be sold or gifted to participants in the National Anti-Slavery Bazaar organized by the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society. It was published nearly every year from 1839 to 1858.

Background

In 1834 Maria Chapman of city-state|Boston|Massachusetts, her sisters Caroline, Anne, Deborah, and eight other women formed the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society as part of their abolitionist activities. The Anti-Slavery Fair, first held in Boston in 1834, was a way to raise money for the society's work. Maria and her sister Anne were chief organizers of the fairs, which were popular Boston social events.cite web
url=http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/mariawestonchapman.html
title=Maria Weston Chapman and the Weston Sisters
work=Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography
accessdate=2008-04-16]

The fairs organizers raised thousands of dollars a year by selling things such as "ladies' aprons, cloaks, cuffs, bags, purses," "knitted quilts," "inkstands," "Ohio cheese," and "dolls in hundreds of every size, price, material, and costume.""National Anti-Slavery Standard", 12/16/47; v. 8, n.29, 115. cited as reference 4 in cite web|url=http://www.cswnet.com/~erin/ebb2.htm|title=Elizabeth Barrett Browning's (re)visions of slavery|author=Andrew M. Stauffer|accessdate=2008-04-16] In 1839 these items were joined by "The Liberty Bell", modeled after the fashionable and popular gift books of the time. The book was sold to fair attendees and given without cost to the fair workers, as an acknowledgement of contribution to the abolitionist cause and token of the occasion.cite book|title=The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women's Political Culture in Antebellum America |author=Jean Fagan|ISBN=0801480116 |publisher=Cornell University Press |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YDnCTyp5ZkgC&pg=PA258&vq=Liberty+bell&source=gbs_search_r&cad=0_1&sig=uw7izJnlK1CqOIlgVwesIE1M1RQ ] Publication continued every year until 1846, and intermittently until 1859's edition, produced in 1858. (1840, 1850, 1855, and 1857 were missed) As with many gift books, publication actually occurred late in the year prior to the date of the book, except for the very first (1839) edition. The next edition was thus dated 1841.

Content

As editor, Maria Chapman wrote much of the content (prose, essays, poetry) herself and pressed her sisters for material. She also solicited contributions from authors such as Lydia Maria Child, Eliza Cabot Follen, Wendell Phillips, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, Lucretia Mott William Lloyd Garrison and Harriet Martineaucite web|url=http://www.prbm.com/interest/i.htm?giftbks.shtml~main|title=1844 Presentation Copy|work=Philadelphia Rare Books & Manuscript Company|accessdate=2008-04-16] , among them many of the leading abolitionist, or abolitionist sympathizing writers of New England.

Chapman, in 1848, commented:

The purpose of this little annual volume, commenced in 1839, and now published for the ninth time, is, the promotion of the cause through the promulgation of its principles in an attractive form....Hence it is that no mere indifferent literati, however intellectually gifted, nor any known enemies of the cause or of its advocates, have ever been permitted to occupy these pages?"National Anti-Slavery Standard", 1/20/48; v.8, n.34, 134. cited as reference 5 in cite web|url=http://www.cswnet.com/~erin/ebb2.htm|title=Elizabeth Barrett Browning's (re)visions of slavery|author=Andrew M. Stauffer|accessdate=2008-04-16]

Her efforts at soliciting wider afield were successful as well, the Liberty Bell twice published works by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. "The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim's Point" was published in December 1847 for the 1848 edition, cite web|url=http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning
title=Elizabeth Barrett Browning |work=1911 Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2008-04-24] and "A Curse for a Nation" in December 1855 for the 1856 editioncite book|title=Elizabeth Barrett Browning: The Origins of a New Poetry|last=Mermin |first=Dorothy |year=1989 |publisher=University of ChicagoPress |isbn=0226520390 |pages=233 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=avVA6Y0Y4KQC&pg=PA233&lpg=PA233&dq=elizabeth+browning+%22liberty+bell%22+%22curse+for+a+nation%22+-jstor&source=web&ots=zQcn6FYD3w&sig=iQIDtlnrQF-zlDU6GTqYdKroo7U&hl=en] . Both of these works were later published in England as slightly different versions.cite web|url=http://www.cswnet.com/~erin/ebb2.htm|title=Elizabeth Barrett Browning's (re)visions of slavery|author=Andrew M. Stauffer|accessdate=2008-04-16]

Unlike the more customary practice of writing for pay with more commercial gift books, authors typically did not receive any compensation for their submissions to the publication aside from a copy of The Liberty Bell itself. cite journal |last=Quarles |first= Benjamin |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1945 |month=June |title=Sources of Abolitionist Income|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=63-76 ]

Critical review

Accounts differ as to the success and quality of the annual. Some derided the quality of the works, one scholar (Ralph Thompson) saying "throughout the fifteen volumes of the series there is hardly to be found one creation of aesthetic value"cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Ralph |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1934 |month=March |title=The Liberty Bell and Other Anti-Slavery Gift-Books |journal=New England Quarterly |volume=7 |pages=154-168 , cited as part of reference 6 in cite web|url=http://www.cswnet.com/~erin/ebb2.htm|title=Elizabeth Barrett Browning's (re)visions of slavery|author=Andrew M. Stauffer|accessdate=2008-04-16] while others felt the work was adequate, another scholar (Clare Taylor) saying "a good magazine .... Its standards were high, and items were convincing, for the anti-slavery movement relied on propaganda to win support"cite book |title=Women of the Anti-Slavery Movement: The Weston Sisters |last=Taylor |first=Clare |year=1995 |publisher=St. Martin's |location=New York |isbn=0312123191 |pages=88-98cited as part of reference 6 in cite web|url=http://www.cswnet.com/~erin/ebb2.htm|title=Elizabeth Barrett Browning's (re)visions of slavery|author=Andrew M. Stauffer|accessdate=2008-04-16] Views of the effectiveness of the material as propaganda also vary, Thompson saying "like all unadulterated reform literature, the Liberty Bell circulated among those people who already knew and accepted the tenets it upheld... it could hardly have made many converts", while Taylor feels that "From the outset the Liberty Bell was the most significant anti-slavery annual in America" and that it "made a real contribution to the anti-slavery movement". But even Taylor disparages "sentimental tales of terror which filled every issue"(96), and the "silly sensationalism" of many of the pieces, concluding that "their methods were crude and simplistic, even if their intentions were good" Taylor rates the two contributions by Elizabeth Barrett Browning as the best.

References

External links

* [http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/gcarr/19cUSWW/LB/LBindex.html Chronological table of contents] of the 15 volumes, at the website of Bucknell University, edited by Glynis Carr
* [http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/gcarr/19cUSWW/LB/gallery.html Gallery of illustrations] , same source
* [http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/gcarr/19cUSWW/LB/index.html Selection of writings] by Lydia Maria Child, same source