John Lavarack

Infobox Officeholder
honorific-prefix = Sir
name = John Lavarack
honorific-suffix =
KCMG, KCVO, KBE, CB, DSO

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imagesize =
small

caption =
order = 16th
office = Governor of Queensland
term_start = 1 October 1946
term_end = 4 December 1957
lieutenant =
monarch = King George VI (until 1952)
Queen Elizabeth II
predecessor = Sir Leslie Wilson
successor = Sir Henry Abel Smith
birth_date = birth date|1885|12|19|df=y
birth_place = Kangaroo Point, Queensland, Australia
death_date = death date and age|1957|12|4|1885|12|19|df=y
death_place = Buderim, Queensland, Australia
nationality =
spouse = Sybil Nevett Ochiltree
profession = Soldier
nickname =
allegiance = Australia
branch = Australian Army
serviceyears = 1942 – 1982
rank = Lieutenant General
unit =
commands = First Army
I Corps
7th Division
Chief of the General Staff
Royal Military College, Duntroon
battles = World War I
*Western Front
*Balkans Campaign
*Battle of the Somme
*Battle of Pozières
*Battle of Amiens
*Battle of Hamel
World War II
*North African Campaign
*Siege of Tobruk
*Syria-Lebanon Campaign
awards = Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Companion of the Order of the Bath
Distinguished Service Order
Mention in Despatches (4)

Lieutenant General Sir John Dudley Lavarack KCMG, KCVO, KBE, CB, DSO (19 December 1885 – 4 December 1957) was an Australian soldier who was Governor of Queensland from 1 October 1946 to 4 December 1957, the first Australian-born governor of that state.

Early life

Lavarack was born in Kangaroo Point, a suburb of Brisbane in Queensland, on 19 December 1885. He was educated at Brisbane Grammar School, where he excelled in the school's army cadets program.

Military career

World War I

On 7 August 1905, Lavarack was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Royal Australian Artillery. In early 1913, he trained as an officer at the Staff College, Camberley in England, and upon the outbreak of World War I was assigned first to the War Office, then as a Brigade Major of the 22nd Division artillery. Lavarack's division spent a month in France during September 1915, but was transferred to Salonica in Greece, where it fought in the Balkans Campaign.D. M. Horner, [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A150080b.htm Lavarack, Sir John Dudley (1885 - 1957)] , "Australian Dictionary of Biography", Volume 15, Melbourne University Press, 2000, pp 61-63.]

In February 1915, Lavarack was assigned to the Australian Imperial Force, but did not join it until July 1916 when he joined the Australian 2nd Division for the Battle of Pozières. He was subsequently assigned as brigade major for the 5th Division, commanding two field artillery batteries during fighting at the Somme and the advance on the Hindenburg Line. In May 1917, his staff college training saw him transferred to 1st Division headquarters, which instigated a lifelong mutual antagonism between Lavarack and his superior at HQ, Thomas Blamey.

By December 1917, Lavarack was a Lieutenant Colonel and General Staff Officer, 1st grade in the Australian 4th Division, and took part in battles at Dernancourt, Villers-Bretonneux, Hamel and Amiens, with Lavarack's hand in planning for the Battle of Hamel setting the stage for several subsequent Australian victories.

Between the wars

When World War I ended, Lavarack returned to Australia where he took up a post at the Royal Military College, Duntroon. In 1926, he was promoted to Brevet Colonel, and in 1927 attended the Imperial Defence College in London. Back in Australia in 1929, he found himself in heavy debate with fellow IDC student Frederick Shedden over the Australian government's adoption of the "Singapore strategy". Shedden believed that the presence of the Royal Navy in Singapore would deter any aggression from Japan, whilst Lavarack was sure that Japan would take advantage of Britain's focus on Europe and that Australian army forces should prepare for a possible invasion. [Dennis, Peter: [http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/specials/noprisoners/viewpoints/dennis.htm Heading for Disaster? Australia and the Singapore Strategy] , "Four Corners" (Australian Broadcasting Corporation), 16 February 2002.]

In January 1933, Lavarack was made commandant of the Royal Military College, Duntroon. On 21 April 1935, with a temporary promotion to Major General (later made permanent in June), he was appointed Chief of the General Staff (CGS), the head of the Australian Army. As CGS, Lavarack pulled no punches over what he saw as an over-reliance on the Royal Navy and neglect of Australia's land forces – renewing his argument with Shedden, and causing considerable friction with the Australian government, in particular a number of successive ministers for Defence.

World War II

In 1938, British officer Lieutenant General Ernest Squires was appointed Inspector-General of the Australian Military Forces. Lavarack and Squires worked together to prepare Australia for war, and by the time Lavarack returned from a tour of Britain, World War II had begun. With Squires replacing him as CGS, Lavarack was promoted to Lieutenant General and made General Officer Commanding Southern Command. In 1940, Lavarack was considered to command 6th Division, but Thomas Blamey, now the commander of I Corps, refused his appointment, citing "defects of character". Lavarack instead took command of the newly-formed 7th Division, also accepting a demotion to Major General which was almost certainly instigated by Blamey.cite book |title=The Silent 7th: An Illustrated History of the 7th Australian Infantry Division |last=Johnston |first=Mark |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=Sydney |isbn=1741141915 |pages= ]

In 1941, the commander-in-chief in the Middle East, Lord Wavell, ordered Lavarack to Tobruk, where his units were successful in repelling Erwin Rommel's forces. Wavell requested Lavarack take command of the Western Desert Force, but he was once again confounded by Blamey, who insisted that he was unsuitable for high command. After further successes in the Syria-Lebanon Campaign, Lavarack was re-promoted to lieutenant general, and took over Blamey's role as commander of I Corps, with Blamey now deputy commander-in-chief in the Middle East.

Following the outbreak of war with Japan, I Corps was shifted to the Far East, arriving in Java in January 1942. Lavarack was recalled to Australia, where he was made acting commander-in-chief of Australian forces whilst waiting for Blamey to return from the Middle East to fill the role. He then commandeed the Australian First Army, with responsiblity for defending Queensland and New South Wales. In 1944, he flew to the United States where he became head of the Australian Military Mission, and was military advisor for Australia to the United Nations Conference on International Organization. He returned to Australia in August 1946, and frustrated by his lack of active command and constantly being passed over by Blamey and others, he retired from the military in September that year.

Governor of Queensland

In 1946, the Premier of Queensland, Ned Hanlon, offered the post of Governor of Queensland to Lieutenant General Sir Leslie Morshead who declined. Hanlon then offered the post to Lavarack, who accepted and was sworn in on 1 October – the second Australian-born person to hold a governorship in Australia (Sir John Northcott was made Governor of New South Wales two months previously). [cite book |title=William John McKell: Boilermaker, Premier, Governor-General |last=Cunneen |first=Christopher |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=University of New South Wales Press |location=Sydney |isbn=0868405876 |pages= ] After completing his five year term in 1951, Lavarack's governorship was extended by another five years to 1956. He was then reappointed for a further year from 1 October 1956, but due to ill-health, Lavarack was only served four months of the extended term, and was relieved of his duties on 25 January 1957 by his deputy governor, although he officially remained governor. He retired to his property in Buderim, and died in office on 4 December that year.

Honours

For his service during World War I, Lavarack was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (1918) and the French Croix de Guerre (1919). He was appointed CMG in 1919, and Mentioned in Despatches three times.

In 1942, following I Corps' actions in the Syria-Lebanon Campaign, he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the British Empire (KBE). He was appointed KCVO in 1954 and KCMG in 1955 while Governor of Queensland. [ [http://itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?breif=true&page=1&search_type=quick LAVARACK, John Dudley] , "It's an Honour" (Australian Honours Database).]

The Lavarack Barracks in Townsville, Queensland were named in his honour.

References

External links

* [http://enc.slq.qld.gov.au/logicrouter/servlet/LogicRouter?PAGE=object&OUTPUTXSL=object_enc36ui.xslt&pm_RC=PICTQLD&pm_OI=45384&pm_GT=Y&pm_IAC=Y&api_1=GET_OBJECT_XML&num_result=0 Photograph of John Dudley Lavarack, ca. 1887] This image is held by John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland