- Yōwa
. [Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Annales des empereurs du Japon," pp. 200-207; Brown, Delmer "et al." (1979). "Gukanshō," pp. 333-334; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). "Jinnō Shōtōki." pp. 214-215.]
Change of era
*;
1181 : The new era name was created to mark an event or a number of events. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in "Jishō" 5, on the 14th day of the 7th month of 1181. [Brown, p. 333.]Events of the "Yōwa" era
* "Yōwa 1", 25th day of the 11th month (
1181 ): Tokuko, former consort of the lateEmperor Takakura , adopts the name of Kenreimon-in. [Kitagawa, H. (1975). "The Tale of the Heike," p. 783.]
* "Yōwa 1" (1181 ): Afamine that lasting two years blights this era. [Kamo no Chōmei. (1212). "Hōjōki."]References
* Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). [
Jien , c. 1220] , "Gukanshō ; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'Gukanshō,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & Ichirō Ishida." Berkeley:University of California Press . ISBN 0-520-03460-0
* Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida, eds. (1975). "The Tale of the Heike ." Tokyo:University of Tokyo Press. ISBN 0-86008-128-1
* Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō , 1652] , "Nipon o daï itsi ran ; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth." Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ... Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)]
* Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [Kitabatake Chikafusa , 1359] , "Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley)." New York:Columbia University Press . ISBN 0-231-04940-4External links
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" [http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/ -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection]
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