Shi Chaoyi

Shi Chaoyi (史朝義) (died 763) was the final emperor of the Yan state that was established in rebellion against the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty. He was the oldest son of Shi Siming, and he overthrew and then killed his father in a coup in 761 and took over as emperor. However, he could not gain the allegiance of his father's subordinates, and was eventually defeated by joint forces of Tang and Huige. He committed suicide in flight.

Background

It is not known when Shi Chaoyi was born, but it is known that he was the oldest son of his father Shi Siming, and that he was not the son of Shi Siming's wife Lady Xin. The second historical reference made to him was in 757, when Shi Siming, who was a childhood friend of An Lushan and who served under An Lushan during An Lushan's service as a Tang Dynasty general and then as the emperor of his own rebel state of Yan, turned against An Lushan's son and successor An Qingxu and submitted to Emperor Suzong of Tang, along with the Fanyang (范陽, modern Beijing) region that he controlled. Shi Siming, after his submission to Tang, made Shi Chaoyi the prefect of Ji Prefecture (冀州, roughly modern Hengshui, Hebei).

In 758, however, Shi Siming, possibly because of a failed assassination plot against him, possibly at the order of Emperor Suzong and the major Tang general Li Guangbi, turned against Tang again and initially aided An Qingxu, then under Tang siege at Yecheng. In spring 759, Shi Siming was able to have the siege against Yecheng lifted, and then, when An Qingxu met him to thank him, killed An Qingxu. He left Shi Chaoyi in defense of Yecheng and returned to Fanyang. Later that year, when Shi Siming claimed the title of emperor of Yan, he created Shi Chaoyi the Prince of Huai, but did not create him crown prince. Rather, he created his wife, Lady Xin, empress, and favored her son, Shi Chaoqing (史朝清), considering creating Shi Chaoqing crown prince. [The sources conflict with each other as to whether Shi Chaoqing was, indeed, created crown prince. His biographies in the "Book of Tang" and the "New Book of Tang" indicated that he was only considering it, but the "Jimen Jiluan" (薊門紀亂), an account of the Anshi Rebellion written by the Tang Dynasty historian Ping Zhimei (平致美) no longer extant but often cited by others, [http://www.bjxw.gov.cn/XWbkqs/XWbkqsxxxs.ycs?GUID=421734] indicated that An did create Shi Chaoqing crown prince. Compare "Book of Tang", vol. 200, part 1, and "New Book of Tang", [http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/225a.htm vol. 225, part 1] , with "Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian", vol. 53 [761] , citing "Jimen Jiluan".] In summer 759, when Shi Siming launched a major campaign against Tang's eastern capital Luoyang, he left Shi Chaoqing in charge of Fanyang and joined forces with Shi Chaoyi and other Yan generals. He captured Luoyang quickly, but was subsequently repelled in his attempt to attack the Tang capital Chang'an, as he was unable to capture Shan Prefecture (陝州, roughly modern Sanmenxia, Henan).

Meanwhile, by this point, Shi Siming was described to be cruel and prone to kill, terrorizing his army. In contrast, Shi Chaoyi was considered kind and was favored by the soldiers, but Shi Siming favored Shi Chaoqing over Shi Chaoyi and considered killing Shi Chaoyi. In spring 761, Shi Siming began another attempt to attack Shan Prefecture, wanting to attack Chang'an. He had Shi Chaoyi serve as his forward commander, but Shi Chaoyi was repeatedly repelled by the Tang general Wei Boyu (衛伯玉). Shi Siming was angry at Shi Chaoyi's failures and considered punishing him and the generals below him. On April 18, [ [http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%AD%F0&king=%B5%C2%A9v&reign=%A4W%A4%B8&yy=2&ycanzi=&mm=3&dd=&dcanzi=%A5%D2%A4%C8 兩千年中西曆轉換 ] ] Shi Siming had ordered Shi Chaoyi to build a triangular fort with a hill as its side, to store food supplies, and ordered that it be completed in one day. Near the end of the day, Shi Chaoyi had completed it, but had not plastered the walls with mud, when Shi Siming arrived and rebuked him for not applying mud. He ordered his own servants to stay and watch the plastering. He then angrily stated, "After I capture Shan Prefecture I will kill you, thief!" That night, Shi Chaoyi's subordinates Luo Yue (駱悅) and Cai Wenjing (蔡文景) warned him that he was in dire straits -- and that if he refused to take action to depose Shi Siming, they would defect to Tang. Shi Chaoyi agreed to take action, and Luo persuaded Shi Siming's guard commander General Cao (personal name lost to history) to agree with the plot. That night, Luo led 300 soldiers and ambushed Shi Siming, binding him and then beginning a return to Luoyang with the troops. On the way back to Luoyang, Luo feared that someone might try to rescue Shi Siming, and so strangled him. Shi Chaoyi claimed the Yan throne, and sent messengers to Fanyang to have Empress Xin and Shi Chaoqing killed.

As emperor

Shi Chaoyi was considered kind and humble, willing to listen to his advisors. However, he faced the situation that by this time, the Luoyang region, directly under his control, had already been ravaged by the wars, and the other Yan generals were largely previously An Lushan's followers and considered themselves equal to Shi Siming, and therefore were only nominally submissive to the younger Shi Chaoyi. He thus began to suffer a number of losses at Tang generals' hands, and his attempts to counter by attacking Tang's Lu Prefecture (潞州, roughly modern Changzhi, Shanxi) and Song Prefecture (宋州, roughly modern Shangqiu, Henan) ended in failure. However, not until winter 762, when Tang forces were aided by Huige's Dengli Khan, did Luoyang fall. Shi Chaoyi left Luoyang and fled, but his generals, including Zhang Xiancheng (張獻誠), Xue Song, Zhang Zhongzhi, Tian Chengsi, Li Huaixian, and Li Baozhong (李抱忠), successively turned against him when he tried to turn to them for aid. He wanted to flee to the Xi or the Khitan, but on the way, in spring 763, he was intercepted by troops sent by Li Huaixian to capture hi. To avoid capture, he committed suicide by hanging. Li Huaixian had his head delivered to Chang'an. ["Zizhi Tongjian", vol. 222.]

Notes and references

* "Book of Tang", [http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a16/200a.htm vol. 200, part 1] .
* "New Book of Tang", [http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/225a.htm vol. 225, part 1] .
* "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. 220, 221, 222.