Flowers for Algernon

infobox Book |
name = Flowers for Algernon
title_orig =
translator =


image_caption =
author = Daniel Keyes
country = United States
language = English
series =
genre = Science fiction
publisher = Harcourt
release_date = April 1959 (short story) March 1966 (novel)
media_type = Print (Hardback & Paperback)
pages = 274 (novel) [ [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232370?tab=details#tabs World Cat] , Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes, New York, Harcourt, Brace & World [1966] , 1st Edition details]
isbn = ISBN 0-15-131510-8 (first edition, hardback)
preceded_by =
followed_by =

"Flowers for Algernon" is a science fiction short story and subsequent novel written by Daniel Keyes. The short story was first published in the April 1959 issue of "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction" and won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1960. The novel was published in 1966 and was joint winner of that year's Nebula Award for Best Novel (with Babel-17).

The titular Algernon is a laboratory mouse who has undergone surgery to increase his intelligence by artificial means. The story is told as a series of "progress reports" written by Charlie, the first human test subject for the surgery, and touches upon many different ethical and moral themes such as the treatment of the mentally disabled.

Although the book has often been "challenged" for removal from libraries in the US and Canada, sometimes successfully, it is regularly taught in schools around the world and has been adapted numerous times for television, theatre, radio and as the Academy Award-winning film, "Charly".

Background

The ideas for "Flowers for Algernon" developed over a period of 14 years and were inspired by numerous different events in Keyes' life, starting in 1945 with Keyes’ personal conflict between his parents pushing him through a pre-medical education and his own desire to write. Keyes felt that his education was driving a wedge between him and his parents and this led him to wonder what would happen if it were possible to increase a person’s intelligence.Cite web
url=http://www.danielkeyesauthor.com/faq.html
publisher=Daniel Keyes
title=Frequently Asked Questions and Updates
accessdate=2008-04-24] [Harvnb|Keyes|1999|p=16] Harvnb|Hill|2004|p=3] Another key moment came in 1957, while Keyes was teaching English to students with special needs; one student asked him if it would be possible to be put into a regular class if he worked hard and became smart. [Harvnb|Keyes|1999|p=97]

Different characters in the book were also based on events and people in Keyes' life. The character of Algernon was inspired by a university dissection class, while the name came from the poet Algernon Swinburne which Keyes thought was an unusual name. Nemur and Strauss, the scientists who develop the intelligence enhancing surgery in the story, were based on professors Keyes met while studying psychoanalysis in graduate school.

In 1958, Keyes was approached by "Galaxy Science Fiction" magazine to write a story, at which point the different elements of "Flowers for Algernon" fell into place. On submitting the finished story to "Galaxy", however, the editor suggested changing the ending so that Charlie retained his intelligence, married Alice, and lived happily ever after.Cite web
url=http://www.locusmag.com/1997/Issues/06/Keyes.html
title=Daniel Keyes: 40 Years of Algernon
publisher=Locus Magazine
date=June 1997
accessdate=2008-04-23] Keyes refused to make the change and sold the story to "The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction" instead.

Keyes worked on the expanded novel between 1962 and 1965Harvnb|Bujalski|2002|p=52] and first tried to sell it to Doubleday, but they also wanted to change the ending. Again, Keyes refused and gave Doubleday back their advance. Five different publishers rejected the story over the course of a year until it was taken on and published by Harcourt in 1966.

Publication history

The short story "Flowers for Algernon" was first published as the lead story in the April 1959 issue of "The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction". It was later reprinted in "The Best from Fantasy and Science Fiction, 9th series" (1960),Cite web
url=http://www.sfsite.com/fsf/bibliography/fsfanthstorieswho09.htm
title=Fantasy & Science Fiction: Anthology Stories (by author)
publisher=sfsite.com
accessdate=2008-04-30] the "Fifth Annual of the Year’s Best Science Fiction" (1960), [Cite web
url=http://www.bestsf.net/reviews/merril5.html
title=The Fifth Annual of the Year's Best SF. Judith Merril. Simon & Schuster 1960
publisher=bestsf.net
accessdate=2008-04-30] "Best Articles and Stories" (1961), "Literary Cavalcade" (1961), "The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929-1964" (1970), [Harvnb|Silverberg|1970] and "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction: A 30-Year Retrospective" (1980).

The expanded novel was first published in 1966 by Harcourt Brace with the Bantam paperback following in 1968. By 2004, it had been translated into 27 languages, published in 30 countries and sold more than 5 million copies.Harvnb|Hill|2004|p=9] Since its original publication, the novel has never been out of print.

ynopsis

The short story and the novel share many similar plot points but the novel expands significantly on Charlie's developing emotional state as well as his intelligence, his memories of childhood and his relationship with Alice Kinnian. A number of minor details were also changed for the novel, including Charlie's age, his job and the name of his employer.

hort story

In the short story, Charlie Gordon is a 37-year-old man with an IQ of 68 who works as a janitor at Donnegan's Plastic Box Factory. He undergoes an experimental surgical technique to increase his intelligence, as a similar experiment on Algernon, a laboratory mouse, has been quite dramatically successful. The surgery is successful and Charlie's IQ triples.

Charlie falls in love with his former teacher, Miss Kinnian, but as his intelligence increases he surpasses her intellectually and they are unable to relate to one another. As Charlie's intelligence peaks, Algernon suddenly, and very swiftly, declines; the mouse loses his increased intelligence and dies. Charlie discovers that his intelligence increase is also only temporary. Unable to do anything to prevent the change, Charlie reverts to his original mental state in a swift reversal of his original growth. He tries to return to his original life and job at the plastic box factory but cannot stand everyone feeling sorry for him so he decides to move away.

Novel

The novel opens with an epigraph discouraging people from laughing at those who are perplexed or weak of vision.Cite web
url=http://www.bookrags.com/notes/alg/PART1.htm
title=Flowers for Algernon Book Notes Summary, Preface
publisher=BookRags
accessdate=2008-04-17] The epigraph is taken from Plato's "The Republic", part of which reads::"Any one who has common sense will remember that the bewilderments of the eye are of two kinds, and arise from two causes, either from coming out of the light or from going into the light, which is true of the mind's eye, quite as much as of the bodily eye."

At the start of the novel, Charlie Gordon is a 32-year-old manCite web
url=http://www.bookrags.com/notes/alg/PART1.htm
title=Flowers for Algernon Book Notes Summary, Progress Report 1
publisher=BookRags
accessdate=2008-04-17] with an IQ of 68Cite web
url=http://www.bookrags.com/notes/alg/PART6.htm
title=Flowers for Algernon Book Notes Summary, Progress Report 5
publisher=BookRags
accessdate=2008-04-17] who works as a janitor and deliveryman for Donner's Bakery. His uncle got him a job there 17 years previously so that Charlie would not have to be sent to an institution: the Warren State Home.Cite web
url=http://www.bookrags.com/notes/alg/PART9.htm
title=Flowers for Algernon Book Notes Summary, Progress Report 8
publisher=BookRags
accessdate=2008-04-17] Wanting to improve himself, Charlie attends reading and writing classes at the Beekman University Center for Retarded Adults taught by Alice Kinnian, a young, attractive woman. Professor Nemur and Doctor Strauss of Beekman University are looking for a human subject on whom they can test an experimental surgical technique for increasing intelligence; they have already successfully performed the surgery on a mouse, Algernon. Alice recommends Charlie for the procedure. His motivation to learn makes him the prime candidate and he undergoes the procedure.

The procedure is a success and, three months later, Charlie's IQ has reached 185.Cite web
url=http://www.bookrags.com/notes/alg/PART13.htm
title=Flowers for Algernon Book Notes Summary, Progress Report 12
publisher=BookRags
accessdate=2008-04-17] As his intelligence, education and understanding of the world around him increases, his relationships with people deteriorate; he is fired from his job at the bakery because his colleagues there are scared and resentful of his increased intelligence. Charlie also has a troubled romance with Alice. Even though they develop strong feelings for each other, he is prevented from having a physical relationship by the spectre of a younger Charlie whom the older Charlie feels is always watching. Unable to get close to Alice, Charlie starts a purely sexual relationship with Fay Lillman, a vivacious and promiscuous artist.

Charlie notices a flaw in the theories that led Nemur and Strauss to develop their intelligence-enhancing procedure. Shortly thereafter, Algernon starts behaving erratically, his intelligence fades and he dies. Charlie starts working on the project himself and discovers that his own increased intelligence is also only temporary. As Charlie regresses intellectually, Fay becomes scared by the change and stops talking to him. However, Charlie finally attains sufficient emotional maturity to have a brief but fulfilling relationship with Alice. Despite regressing back to his former self, he still remembers that he was once a genius and cannot bear everyone feeling sorry for him. Consequently, he decides to go to live at the Warren State Home where nobody knows about the operation. In a final letter to his friends he asks them to put flowers on Algernon's grave.

tyle

Both the novel and the short story are written in an epistolary style, collecting together Charlie's personal "progress reports" from a few days before the operation until his final regression. Initially, the reports are full of spelling errors and use cumbersome language.Harvnb|Bujalski|2002|p=21] Following the operation, however, one of the first signs of Charlie's increased intelligence are his improved accuracy in spelling, grammar and punctuation and his word choice.Harvnb|Bujalski|2002|p=15] Charlie's regression is also initially conveyed by the loss of these skills.

Charlie's emotional development is also made apparent through the progress reports. Initially, Charlie writes warmly about his "friends" at the bakery.Cite web
url=http://www.bookrags.com/notes/alg/TOP2.htm
title=Flowers for Algernon Book Notes Summary, Topic Tracking: Friendship
publisher=BookRags
accessdate=2008-05-03] Only later does Charlie realise that people he thought were his friends have been tormenting him for fun rather than laughing with him.Harvnb|Bujalski|2002|p=25] While emotionally affecting, these moments break with the conceit that Charlie is writing down things that are important to him. The book gives the reader enough information to understand the true situation and to recognise Charlie's naivete even though Charlie himself fails to understand the significance of what he is writing at the time.Harvnb|Bujalski|2002|p=22]

Themes

Important themes in "Flowers for Algernon" include the treatment of the mentally disabled,Harvnb|Hill|2004|p=4] Harvnb|Bujalski|2002|p=13] the conflict between intellect and emotion or happiness,Harvnb|Hill|2004|p=2] Harvnb|Bujalski|2002|p=14] Harvnb|Coules|1993|p=ix] and how events in the past can influence a person later in life.

Reception

Awards

The original short story won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1960.Cite web
url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/?page_id=59
title=1960 Hugo Awards
publisher=TheHugoAwards.org
accessdate=2008-04-23] The expanded novel was joint winner of the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1966, tied with "Babel-17" by Samuel R. Delany,Cite web
url=http://www.sfwa.org/awards/archive/pastwin.htm#1966
title=Past Winners of SWFA Nebula Awards
publisher=Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America
accessdate=2008-04-23] and was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1967, losing out to "The Moon is a Harsh Mistress" by Robert A. Heinlein. [Cite web
url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/?page_id=52
title=1967 Hugo Awards
publisher=TheHugoAwards.org
accessdate=2008-04-30]

In the late 1960s, the Science Fiction Writers of America (SFWA) decided to give Nebula Awards retroactively and voted for their favourite science fiction stories of the era ending 31 December 1964 (before the Nebula Award was conceived). The short story version of "Flowers for Algernon" was voted third out of 132 nominees and was published in "The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929-1964" in 1970. [Harvnb|Silverberg|1970|p=xii] Keyes was elected the SFWA Author Emeritus in 2000 for making a significant contribution to science fiction and fantasy, primarily as a result of "Flowers for Algernon". [Cite web
url=http://www.sfwa.org/news/keyes.htm
title=Daniel Keyes to be Author Emeritus
publisher=Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America
accessdate=2008-04-21]

Censorship

"Flowers for Algernon" is on the American Library Association list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990-2000 at number 47. [ [http://www.ala.org/ala/oif/bannedbooksweek/bbwlinks/100mostfrequently.htm The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000] -ALA.org] The reasons for the challenges vary, but usually centre around those parts of the novel where Charlie struggles to understand and express his sexual desires.Harvnb|Hill|2004|pp=7-9] Many of the challenges have proved unsuccessful, but the book has occasionally been banned from school libraries including some in Pennsylvania and Texas. [Cite web
url=http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=7932
title=Controversial book removed from Texas middle school after one parent complains
author=Jodi Mathews
publisher=firstamendmentcenter.org
date=1999-06-22
accessdate=2008-05-16]

In January 1970, the school board of Cranbrook, British Columbia, as well as Calgary, Alberta, banned the "Flowers for Algernon" novel from the local grade-nine curriculum and the school library, after a parent complained that it was "filthy and immoral." The president of the BC Teachers' Federation criticized the action. "Flowers for Algernon" was part of the BC Department of Education list of approved books for grade nine and was recommended by the BC Secondary Association of Teachers of English. A month later, the board reconsidered and returned the book to the library; they did not, however, lift its ban from the curriculum. [cite book
last = Birdsall
first = Peter
authorlink = Peter Birdsall
title = Mind War: Book Censorship in English Canada
publisher = CANLIT
date =1978
location =
pages = 37
url =
doi =
id =
isbn = 0920566014] [cite book
last = Dick
first = Judith
authorlink = Judith Dick
title = Not in Our Schools? School Book Censorship in Canada: A Discussion Guide
publisher = Canadian Library Assn
date =1982
location =
pages = 8
url =
doi =
id =
isbn = 0888021623]

Inspiration

"Flowers for Algernon" has been the inspiration for works including the album "A Curious Feeling" by Genesis keyboardist Tony Banks [ [http://www.tonybanks-online.com/bio.php?lang=en Tony Banks Biography] , tonybanks-online.com] and Kyosuke Himuro's debut solo album "Flowers for Algernon".

Adaptations

"Flowers for Algernon" has been adapted many times for different media including stage, screen and radio. These adaptations include:
*a 1961 television drama, The Two Worlds of Charlie Gordon, starring Cliff Robertson.Cite web|url=http://www.danielkeyesauthor.com/algernon.html|title=Flowers for Algernon|publisher=Daniel Keyes|accessdate=2008-04-22] [Imdb title|0737194|The Two Worlds of Charlie Gordon]
*a 1968 film, "Charly", also starring Cliff Robertson for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. [imdb title | id=0062794 | title=Charly]
*a 1969 stage play, "Flowers for Algernon" by David Rogers. [Cite web
url=http://www.dramaticpublishing.com/p508/Flowers-for-Algernon/product_info.html
title=Flowers for Algernon by David Rogers
publisher=Dramatic Publishing
accessdate=2008-04-23]
*a 1978 stage musical, "Charlie and Algernon" by David Rogers and Charles Strouse. [Cite web
url=http://www.dramaticpublishing.com/p236/Charlie-and-Algernon/product_info.html
title=Charlie and Algernon: book and lyrics by David Rogers, music by Charles Strouse
publisher=Dramatic Publishing
accessdate=2008-04-23] [Cite web
url=http://www.musicalnotesnmore.com/main-A-C.html
publisher=Musical Notes
title=Charlie and Algernon
accessdate=2008-04-24]
*a 1991 radio play, "Flowers for Algernon", for BBC Radio 4 starring Tom Courtenay. [Harvnb|Coules|1991|p=xxiv]
*a 2000 TV movie, "Flowers for Algernon", starring Matthew Modine. [Imdb title|0210044|Flowers for Algernon]
*a 2006 French TV Movie, "Des fleurs pour Algernon". [Imdb title|0885484|Des fleurs pour Algernon]

Further stage and radio adaptations have been produced in Australia (1984), Czechoslovakia (1988), France (1982), Ireland (1983), Japan (1987, 1990), and Poland (1985).

See also

*Rorschach inkblot test
*Thematic Apperception Test
*Unreliable narrator

Notes

References

*Citation
last =Bujalski
first =Andrew
year =2002
contribution =
contribution-url =
editor-last =Aglietti
editor-first =Boomie
editor2-last =Quinio
editor2-first =Dennis
title =Flowers for Algernon: Daniel Keyes
publisher =Spark
isbn =1-58663-514-X
*Citation
last =Coules
first =Bert
author-link =Bert Coules
publication-date =1993
year =1991
title =The Play of Daniel Keyes' Flowers for Algernon (including notes by Robert Chambers)
publisher =Heinemann
isbn =0-435-23293-2
*Citation
first=Cheryl
last=Hill
year=2004
title=A History of Daniel Keyes’ Flowers for Algernon
id=LIBR 548F: History of the Book
url=http://www.slais.ubc.ca/PEOPLE/students/student-projects/C_Hill/hill_libr548f.pdf
*Citation
first=Daniel
last=Keyes
author-link=Daniel Keyes
year=1999
title=Algernon, Charlie and I: A Writer’s Journey
publisher=Boca Raton, FL: Challcrest Press Books
ISBN=1929519001
*Citation
first=Robert
last=Scholes
author-link=Robert Scholes
year=1975
title=Structural Fabulation: An Essay on Fiction of the Future
publisher=Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press
ISBN=0268005702
*Citation
year =1970
editor-last =Silverberg
editor-first =Robert
title =The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929-1964
publisher =Tom Doherty Associates
isbn =0-765-30537-2