Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Brain: Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Cn3nucleus.png
Section through superior colliculus (unlabeled) showing path of oculomotor nerve. ("Edinger-Westphal nucleus" is not on diagram, but would be near oculomotor nuclei.)
Gray762.png
Figure showing the different groups of cells, which constitute, according to Perlia, the nucleus of origin of the oculomotor nerve.
1. Posterior dorsal nucleus.
1’. Posterior ventral nucleus.
2. Anterior dorsal nucleus.
2’. Anterior ventral nucleus.
3. Central nucleus.
4. Nucleus of Edinger and Westphal.
5. Antero-internal nucleus.
6. Antero-external nucleus.
8. Crossed fibers.
9. Trochlear nerve, with 9’, its nucleus of origin, and 9", its decussation.
10. Third ventricle.
M, M. Median line.
Latin nuclei accessorii nervi oculomotorii
NeuroNames hier-489

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus is the accessory parasympathetic cranial nerve nucleus of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), supplying the constricting muscles of the iris. Alternatively, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is a term often used to refer to the adjacent population of non-preganglionic neurons that do not project to the ciliary ganglion, but rather project to the spinal cord, dorsal raphe nucleus, and lateral septal nuclei.[1]

Unlike the classical preganglionic Edinger-Westphal neurons that contain choline acetyltransferase, neurons of the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus contain various neuropeptides, such as Urocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript.[2]

Previously, it had been proposed to rename this group of non-preganglionic, neuropeptide-containing neurons to perioculomotor subgriseal neuronal stream, abbreviated pIIISG.[3]

However, more recently, a final nomenclature has been determined. Preganglionic oculomotor neurons within the Edinger-Westphal nucleus shall be referred to as the EWpg, and the neuropeptide-containing neurons shall be known as the centrally-projecting Edinger Westphal nucleus, or EWcp.[1]

Contents

Location

The paired nuclei are posterior to the main motor nucleus (oculomotor nucleus) and anterolateral to the cerebral aqueduct in the rostral midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus.

It is the most rostral of the parasympathetic nuclei in the brain stem.

Function

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus supplies preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the eye, constricting the pupil, accommodating the lens, and convergence of the eyes.[4]

It has also been implicated in the mirroring of pupil size in sad facial expressions. When seeing a sad face, participants' pupils dilated or constricted to mirror the face they saw, which predicted both how sad they perceived the face to be, as well as activity within this region.[5][6]

Eponym

The nucleus is named for both Ludwig Edinger, from Frankfurt, who demonstrated it in the fetus in 1885, and for Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal, from Berlin, who demonstrated it in the adult in 1887.[7]

Additional images

  • The cranial nerve nuclei schematically represented; dorsal view. Motor nuclei in red; sensory in blue.

  • Nuclei of origin of cranial motor nerves schematically represented; lateral view.

  • Primary terminal nuclei of the afferent (sensory) cranial nerves schematically represented; lateral view.

References

  1. ^ a b Kozicz T, Bittencourt JC, May PJ, Reiner A, Gamlin PD, Palkovits M, Horn AK, Toledo CA, Ryabinin AE (2011). "The Edinger-Westphal nucleus: A historical, structural and functional perspective on a dichotomous terminology". J. Comp. Neurol. In press. 519 (8): 1413–34. doi:10.1002/cne.22580. PMID 21452224. 
  2. ^ Kozicz, T. (2003). "Neurons colocalizing urocortin and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript immunoreactivities are induced by acute lipopolysaccharide stress in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the rat". Neuroscience 116 (2): 315–20. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00772-8. PMID 12559087. 
  3. ^ May PJ, Reiner AJ, Ryabinin AE (March 2008). "Comparison of the Distributions of Urocortin Containing and Cholinergic Neurons in the Perioculomotor Midbrain of the Cat and Macaque". J. Comp. Neurol. 507 (3): 1300–16. doi:10.1002/cne.21514. PMC 2863095. PMID 18186029. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2863095. 
  4. ^ "eye, human" Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
  5. ^ Harrison, NA; Wilson, CE; Critchley, HD (2007). "Processing of observed pupil size modulates perception of sadness and predicts empathy". Emotion (Washington, D.C.) 7 (4): 724–9. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.724. PMID 18039039. 
  6. ^ Harrison, NA; Singer, T; Rotshtein, P; Dolan, RJ; Critchley, HD (2006). "Pupillary contagion: central mechanisms engaged in sadness processing". Social cognitive and affective neuroscience 1 (1): 5–17. doi:10.1093/scan/nsl006. PMC 1716019. PMID 17186063. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1716019. 
  7. ^ synd/893 at Who Named It?

External links

v · d · eHuman brain: mesencephalon (midbrain) (TA A14.1.06, GA 9.800)
Tectum
(Dorsal)
Surface
White: Sensory/ascending
White: Motor/descending
Peduncle
(Ventral)
White: Sensory/ascending
lemnisci (Medial, Lateral) · Ascending MLF (Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers) · Spinothalamic tract · Anterior trigeminothalamic tract · Dentatothalamic tract
White: Motor/descending
GSA (V: Mesencephalic) - GSE (III: Oculomotor, IV: Trochlear) - GVE (III: Edinger-Westphal)
Grey: other
Base
White: Motor/descending
Surface

M: CNS

anat(n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp

noco(m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)
v · d · eNerves of head and neck: the cranial nerves and nuclei (TA A14.2.01, GA 9.855)
olfactory (AON->I)
optic (LGN->II)
oculomotor
(ON, EWN->III)
trochlear (TN->IV)
no significant branches
trigeminal
(PSN, TSN, MN, TMN->V)
abducens (AN->VI)
no significant branches
facial (FMN, SN, SSN->VII)
near origin
vestibulocochlear
(VN, CN->VIII)
glossopharyngeal
(NA, ISN, SN->IX)
ganglia (superior, inferior)
vagus
(NA, DNVN, SN->X)
ganglia (superior, inferior)
accessory (NA, SAN->XI)
hypoglossal (HN->XII)

M: PNS

anat(h/r/t/c/b/l/s/a)/phys(r)/devp/prot/nttr/nttm/ntrp

noco/auto/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(N1B)
v · d · eSensory system: Visual system and eye movement pathways
Visual perception
1° (Bipolar cell of Retina) → 2° (Ganglionic cell) → 3° (Optic nerve → Optic chiasm → Optic tract → LGN of Thalamus) → 4° (Optic radiation → Cuneus and Lingual gyrus of Visual cortex → Blobs → Globs)
Muscles of orbit
Tracking
Horizontal gaze
Vertical gaze
Pupillary reflex
Pupillary dilation
1° (Retina → Optic nerve → Optic chiasm → Optic tract → Visual cortex → Brodmann area 19 → Pretectal area) → 2° (Edinger-Westphal nucleus) → 3° (Short ciliary nerves → Ciliary ganglion → Ciliary muscle)
Circadian rhythm

M: EYE

anat(g/a/p)/phys/devp/prot

noco/cong/tumr, epon

proc, drug(S1A/1E/1F/1L)

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