Christine M. Durham

Christine M. Durham
Portrait of Justice Durham
Chief Justice of the Utah Supreme Court
Incumbent
Assumed office 1982
Nominated by	Scott M. Matheson

Christine Meaders Durham is the Chief Justice of the Utah Supreme Court. She was born on 3 August 1945. Her husband, George Durham, is a pediatrician and they have five children.^[1]

Early Life and Education

Durham is the oldest child of three, and she grew up in Southern California. When she was young, she aspired to be a novelist.^[2] Durham’s father initially worked for the IRS in Washington, D. C., and in 1960 he became a US Department of Treasury attaché at the Paris Embassy and the family went to French schools and learned French. In the early ‘60s, Durham moved to New England to attend Wellesley College, a women’s college at the time, where she met her husband, George Durham. She graduated in 1967 with an A.B. with Honors. She then went to Boston College for law to be near her husband while he finished his undergraduate studies at Harvard. When he was accepted to Duke Medical School, Durham transferred to Duke Law School. She graduated from Duke Law School in 1971. She is now on the Board of Trustees of Duke University, where she is on the Executive Committee and chairs the Faculty, Graduate and Professional Schools Affairs and Honorary Degree Committees.^[3] For a personal account of her early life, see Mormon Women: Portraits and Conversations by James N. Kimball and Kent Miles.

Legal career

Durham was an Instructor of Legal Medicine at Duke University Medical School immediately after she graduated from law school in 1971 until 1973. She was admitted to the North Carolina State Bar in 1971. She had a general law practice while in North Carolina, representing private clients in domestic law, employment law, and personal injury law work. She also did title law work and criminal defense work off of the county indigency list. While in North Carolina, she was a legal consultant for the Duke University Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development.^[4] She and her husband moved to Utah in 1973, where she became an Adjunct Professor of Law at Brigham Young University’s J. Reuben Clark Law School until 1978. At this time she formed a partnership with two other lawyers and founded the law firm of Johnson, Durham, & Moxley.^[5] In 1980, the firm merged with a larger firm in Salt Lake City. She also occasionally teaches constitutional law at the University of Utah’s S. J. Quinney College of Law. Durham is on the Council of the American Law Institute and the American Bar Association’s Council of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar. She is a fellow of the American Bar Foundation, a member of the American Law Institute, and serves on the Board of Directors of both the American Judicature Society and the National Center for State Courts.^[6]

Judicial Career and Community Service

In 1978, Durham became a trial judge in the 3rd Judicial District Court for the state of Utah. She served for four years, one of them as the presiding judge.^[7] She was appointed as a Justice of the Utah Supreme Court by Governor Scott M. Matheson in 1982 [1] and became the Chief Justice in April 2002. Her current term will expire in 2014.^[8] She became the first female Chief Justice to swear into office a female governor when Olene Walker became Utah’s 15th governor. She has served on the Governor’s Task Force that recommended legislation to implement the 1985 amendments to the Judicial Article of the Utah Constitution. She served on the Utah Constitutional Revision Commission for 12 years. As Chief Justice, she chairs the Utah Judicial Council which is the administrative governing body of the state court system. She served as the first chair of the Utah Judicial Council’s Education Committee. She was the Founder of the Leadership Institute in Judicial Education. She was part of the Commission on Justice in the 21st Century and the Co-chair of the Committee on Improving Jury Service. She was the first Chair of the Utah State Court’s Public Outreach Committee. From 1986 to 1997 she was the President of the National Association of Women Judges, which organization she founded.^[9] She is a former member of the Federal Judicial Conference, where she was on the Advisory Committee on the Rules of Civil Procedure.^[10] She is the immediate past President of the Conference of Chief Justices, and is the first Utahn to be elected to this position.^[11] She is the leader of the Coalition for Civic, Character, and Service Learning - a partnership between civic organizations, public education, the judicial branch, and the legal profession to improve education about the justice system in Utah public schools.

Awards

Christine Durham has been recognized nationally for her work in judicial education and efforts to improve the administration of justice. In 2007, Durham received the William H. Rehnquist Award for Judicial Excellence, one of the most prestigious judicial honors in the country.^[12] She is the only Utahn to have received this award to date. The award is presented annually to a state court judge who exemplifies the highest level of judicial excellence, integrity, fairness, and professional ethics. Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts presented the award to Durham on 15 November 2007 at a ceremony in Washington, D.C. Chief Justice Roberts said, "Chief Justice Durham has demonstrated her commitment to public service, judicial education, and the cause of justice throughout her 25 years on the Utah Supreme Court. She reflects those qualities that Chief Justice Rehnquist valued during his distinguished career.” President Mary C. McQueen of the National Center for State Courts said Durham was selected because of her “innovative leadership style and her contributions to advancing judicial branch education not only in Utah, but nationally.” Justice Durham is noted for developing interactive education programs in content areas that previously did not have curriculum, such as domestic violence, child witness testimony, and scientific evidence. She has received honorary degrees from the University of Utah, Weber State University, Salt Lake Community College, and the College of Eastern Utah.

Selected Durham Opinions

Justice Durham has written both majority opinions and dissenting opinions in many cases. For a full list of Justice Durham's Utah Supreme Court decisions, go to http://www.utcourts.gov/opinions/#scoral

Polygamy

In the case of In the Matter of the Adoption of W. A. T., et al, 808 P.2d 1083, 1085 State v. Holm (Utah 1991), Justice Durham protected the civil rights of polygamists. The decision held that the Utah Constitution does not per se preclude a polygamist family from adopting children. Justice Durham, writing for the 3-2 court, noted, "The fact that our constitution requires the state to prohibit polygamy does not necessarily mean that the state must deny any or all civil rights and privileges to polygamists." She noted that many things are crimes like polygamy, but we extend civil rights to perpetrators of those crimes. She stated, "It is not the role of the courts to make threshold exclusions dismissing without consideration, for example, the adoption petitions of all convicted felons, all persons engaging in fornication or adultery, or other persons engaged in illegal activities." ^[13] The decision also upheld the constitutionality of the bigamy statute in the Utah Constitution.

Fetal Rights

In the case of State v. MacGuire, 84 P.3d 1171 (Utah 2004)^[14] in 2004 the Utah Supreme Court ruled that all fetuses are covered under the state's criminal homicide statute. Though she agreed with that premise, Justice Durham dissented based on the definition of the capital murder and aggravated murder charges as well as based on the US Supreme Court decision of Roe v. Wade. "Declaring a fetus to be a 'person' entitled to equal protection would require not only overturning Roe v. Wade but also making abortion, as a matter of constitutional law, illegal in all circumstances, even to save the life of the mother." ^[15]

Primacy

Durham is a proponent of first looking to the Utah Constitution before the Federal Constitution for protection of an individual's rights. In her concurrence to State v. Daniels, 40 P.3d 611, 626 (Utah 2002), she stated, “I continue to be a proponent of independent state constitutional analysis on federalism grounds, believing we should use a primacy approach or dual analysis approach whenever possible.” In State v. Larocco, 794 P.2d 460 (Utah 1990), however, Justice Durham recognized the duality of the American system. Justice Durham, in her majority opinion, explained that states may rest their analysis on state constitution first because it “may prove to be an appropriate method for insulating citizens from the vagaries of inconsistent interpretations given . . . by the federal courts.” ^[16]

Gun Rights

In the case of University of Utah v. Shurtleff, 144 P.3d 1109 (Utah 2006).,^[17] the Utah Supreme Court ruled in a 4-1 decision that the University of Utah has no right to ban guns on campus, rejecting the argument that prohibiting firearms is part of the school's power to control academic affairs. In her dissent, Chief Justice Durham said policies that are reasonably connected to the school's academic mission are within its autonomous authority over academic affairs. Under the majority analysis, she said, "the university may not subject a student to academic discipline for flashing his pistol to a professor in class." ^[18]

Publications and Speeches

Justice Durham has published numerous articles and is a frequent lecturer on the judiciary, women’s issues, and civic education. She helped draft a manual on legal rights of the elderly. Also, as head of the Judiciary Branch of Utah, she gives annual State of the Judiciary addresses to the legislative branch of the state. She has recently spoken at various conventions, including the 2010 Spring Convention of the Utah State Bar,^[19] the 2010 National Conference of the American Bar Association,^[20] and the 123rd Jackson Lecture in 2009.^[21]

See also

Kimball, James N. and Miles, Kent. Mormon Women: Portraits and Conversations. 1st ed. Salt Lake City, UT: Handcart Books, 2009. 184-209. Print.

Utah Bar News

Albany Law Review

References

1. ^ nndb.com
2. ^ City Weekly
3. ^ [Kimball, James N. and Miles, Kent. Mormon Women: Portraits and Conversations. 1st ed. Salt Lake City, UT: Handcart Books, 2009. 184-209. Print.]
4. ^ Duke News
5. ^ See Fn 1, supra
6. ^ Utah Court Website
7. ^ Votesmart.org
8. ^ Judgepedia.org
9. ^ NcsOnline website
10. ^ see Fn 6, supra
11. ^ see Fn 7, supra
12. ^ see Fn 8, supra
13. ^ Childbrides.org
14. ^ http://caselaw.findlaw.com/ut-supreme-court/1389325.html
15. ^ Deseret News Jan. 2004
16. ^ Albany Law Review
17. ^ http://www.utcourts.gov/opinions/supopin/UnivofUtah090806.pdf
18. ^ InsideHigherEd.com
19. ^ Utah Bar
20. ^ American Bar Association
21. ^ National Judicial College

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Name	Durham, Christine M.
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