Victorian Railways AA class

Infobox Locomotive
name = Victorian Railways AA Class

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caption =
powertype = steam
data for = Victorian Railways A^A class
designer = Eugene Siepen
builder = Phoenix Foundry, Ballarat
builddate = 1900–1903
whytetype = 4-4-0
uicclass = 2'Bh2
gauge = RailGauge|63|lk=on
totalproduction =
leadingsize =
driversize = convert|6|ft|1|in|m|3|abbr=on
length =
height =
axleload =
weightondrivers = convert|32|LT|t (roadworthy)
tenderweight = convert|41.2|LT|t|lk=on
locotenderweight = convert|91.1|LT|t|lk=on
tenderc

cylindercount = Two, inside
cylindersize = convert|19|in|mm|0|abbr=on × convert|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on
valvegear = Stephenson
tractiveeffort = convert|20850|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on at 80% WP MEP
firearea = convert|23|sqft|m2|abbr=on
superheaterarea =
totalsurface = convert|1439|sqft|m2|abbr=on
boilerpressure = convert|200|psi|MPa|abbr=on
factorofadhesion =
roadnumber =
firstrundate = 1900
lastrundate = 1932The A^A class was an express passenger locomotive that ran on the Victorian Railways between 1900 and 1932. The largest, heaviest and most powerful 4-4-0 steam locomotive to run in Australia, it was the final development of this locomotive type in Australia.Cave et al, p. 177]

History

In 1900, Victorian Railways still ran express passenger trains with the successful but ageing B class 2-4-0 which dated back to 1862. The 'New A' class 4-4-0 of 1889 had proven to be a successful design, as had its close cousin and exact contemporary the X class 0-6-0. With traffic needs continuing to grow, the VR drafting office decided to take the best features of the New A and X class, but enlarge the locomotive with a larger, higher pressure boiler and larger cylinders.cite book|author=Oberg, Leon| title=Locomotives of Australia 1854-2007|publisher=Rosenberg Publishing| year=2007 | page=pp.83-84 |isbn=1877058548] [cite web| url=http://www.railwaymuseum.org.au/history2.html |title=ARHS Railway Museum: History 1900 - 1950 |accessdate=2008-08-04 |publisher=Australian Railway Historical Society]

Design features

Innovative design features of the A^A class included air sanding equipment, improved Gresham No. 9 injectors, horizontal grid spark arrestors, steam for auxiliaries supplied directly from the dome, and a sloped ashpan to provide easier cleaning.Cave et al, p. 178]

With a comparatively high convert|185|psi|MPa boiler, later increased to convert|200|psi|MPa, it was considered impractical to use traditional slide valves. A trial installation of overhead piston valves on New A class locomotive No. 422 demonstrated considerably greater efficiency and reduced maintenance, and the the A^A became the first of many subsequent VR locomotive classes to be built with piston valves.

With an axle load of convert|16.85|LT|t, the A^A had reached the design limits of size and power possible with a two coupled axle locomotive type with Victoria's relatively light track infrastructure. Its high tractive effort and limited adhesive weight (due to axle load constraints and only two powered axles) combined to produce a less than ideal factor of adhesion of 3.5. Future VR locomotive designs were based on three or four coupled axles.

Production

Twenty of the class were built by the Phoenix Foundry in Ballarat, entering service between 1900 and 1903. The first batch of ten, delivered in 1900-01, were delivered with a traditional three-axle tender. The second batch had a slightly larger firebox and grate, a 200 psi boiler pressure and larger four-axle tenders.

ervice Life

Upon introduction in 1900, the A^A went into service on mainline passenger service, hauling key express services such as the "Sydney Express". They were chosen to haul the Royal Train of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall in 1901. [cite web| url=http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/images/12800/12800-00001-000008-130.asp| title=VPRS 12800/P1 H 1119 - PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE VICTORIA |publisher=Public Record Office Victoria |accessdate=2008-08-05]

With the introduction of larger, heavier express passenger rolling stock in the form of the E type carriages of 1906, the VR introduced the considerably more powerful A2 class 4-6-0 in 1907, which superseded the A^A class on premier services. However, the A^A continued in service in assistant duties, as well as hauling show and race train specials.

Design improvements

The A^A class inherited a number of design improvements from the Dd class mixed traffic locomotives which were introduced in 1902.

The second batch of A^A locomotives utilised a bogie tender design based on that of the Dd in place of the original six wheel design, offering a far greater water capacity.

During 1923-24, Nos. 542, 544, 566 and 570 were fitted with Robinson superheaters, based on the successful trial of Schmidt pattern superheaters on Dd 882. As was common VR practice at the time for locomotives converted to superheating, the boiler pressure was reduced - in this case to convert|175|psi|MPa - to reduce maintenance and prolong boiler life. Nominal tractive effort was reduced to a quoted convert|19131|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on at 85% boiler pressure, with total weight rising to convert|92.95|LT|t|abbr=on.Cave, et al, p. 179]

Another key improvement was the fitting of tablet exchangers to No. 552 and 570 for non-stop running on single-track sections of the North-eastern line, a portent of improvements on this line that would eventually lead to the non-stop Melbourne-Albury "Spirit of Progress" service of 1937.

Accidents

Three A^A class locomotives were involved in the Sunshine rail disaster of 1908, when an Up Bendigo service hauled by A^A 564 and 544 crashed into the rear of an Up Ballarat excursion service hauled by A^A 534 and 'Old A' 202, resulting in the deaths of 44 people and the injury of over 400. [Citation | title = Terrible railway disaster | newspaper = The Age | publication-place = Melbourne | publisher = David Syme & Co |year = 1908 | date = 1908-08-21]

Withdrawal and scrapping

The A^A class was gradually made redundant by the delivery of large numbers of 4-6-0 locomotives of the new Dd and A2 classes between 1902 and 1922, which eventually totalled 446 locomotives.cite web|url = http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/railways/theme.aspx?lvl=3&IRN=500&gall=653|title = Victorian Railways, Museum Victoria, Australia: Dd Class Locos| publisher= Museum Victoria|accessdate = 2008-08-06] cite web|url = http://museumvictoria.com.au/railways/theme.aspx?lvl=3&IRN=500&gall=654|title = Victorian Railways, Museum Victoria, Australia: A2 Class Locos| publisher= Museum Victoria|accessdate = 2008-08-06] The A2 offered considerably more power, while the Dd offered similar tractive effort to the A^A but much greater route availability due to its lower axle load.

Withdrawals commenced in 1919 and by 1926 only the superheated A^A locomotives remained on the register. A number of the boilers of the withdrawn locomotives saw further use powering river boats, while A^A 532 served at Newport Workshops after withdrawal as a mobile stationary boiler.

By January 1932, the entire class had been recorded as withdrawn.cite book| author=Dee et al| title=Power Parade |publisher=VicRail Public Relations Division |location=Melbourne |date=1981 |isbn=0-7241-3323-2] They were all scrapped shortly after withdrawal, with the exception of Newport Workshops boiler locomotive A^A 532, which lasted until 1940.

References

Cave, Buckland & Beardsell, "Steam Locomotives of the Victorian Railways - Volume 1: The First Fifty Years", ARHS, Melbourne, 2002, ISBN 1-876677-38-4

External links

* [http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/images/12903/12903-p00001-000397-110.asp VPRS 12903/P1 Box 299/04] Drawing of original series A^A class steam locomotive with three axle tender
* [http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/images/12903/12903-p00001-000397-120.asp VPRS 12903/P1 Box 299/05] Drawing of later series A^A class steam locomotive with four axle tender
* [http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/images/12800/12800-00001-000135-210.asp VPRS 12800/P1 H 3750] Sydney Express at Wodonga, comprising E class cars, hauled by the later series A^A No.556 with four axle tender.
* [http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/images/12800/12800-00001-000010-030.asp VPRS 12800/P1 H 1137] Original series A^A class steam locomotive No.544, with three axle tender and original livery with polished brasswork, hauling Sydney Express (possibly at Broadmeadows) circa 1900.