List of legendary kings of Scotland

The Scottish Renaissance humanist George Buchanan gave a long list of Scottish Kings in his history of Scotland—published in Latin as Rerum Scoticarum Historia in 1582^[1][2]—most of whom are now considered by historians to be figures of legend, or completely misrepresented. The list went back around 1900 years from his time, and began with Fergus I. James VI of Scotland, who was Buchanan's pupil, adopted the story of Fergus I as his ancestor, and the antiquity of the line was emphasised by the House of Stuart.

Dornadilla, fourth legendary king according to George Buchanan; painting by Jacob Jacobsz de Wet the Younger in the commission from Charles II for Holyrood Palace.

Dynastic importance

The genealogy of Scottish kings, going back to Fergus mac Ferchar (i.e. Fergus I) and beyond, was in place by the middle of the thirteenth century, when it was recited at the 1249 inauguration of Alexander III of Scotland.^[3] In 1301 Baldred Bisset was involved in a hearing at the Papal Curia, on the Scottish side of the debate on Edward I of England's claims, and at least helped prepare material dealing with the mythological history that was being adduced as relevant, on both sides.^[4]

Alexander III hears his genealogy; late medieval illustration of the Scotichronicon.

The question of the antiquity of the Scottish royal lineage, and even the details of the associated origin myth, became particularly significant from 1542 when Mary, Queen of Scots came to the Scottish throne. Buchanan alluded to Mary's long ancestry in his Epithalamium written for her 1559 marriage to Francis II of France.^[5] In the period before Mary's betrothal, a marriage to Prince Edward, the future Edward VI of England, was much discussed. As part of that debate, the list of legendary kings of Britain became involved, in the form of the "Brutus myth", promoted by Edward Hall over the doubts of Polydore Vergil. Publicists on the English side of the argument, including John Elder, James Henrisoun, and William Lamb, had cast doubt on the Scottish history.^[6]

When James VI entered Edinburgh in 1579 the pageantry included a public posting of the genealogy of the Scottish kings; and when his son Charles I visited in 1633, portraits of 107 kings were displayed, some of which (by George Jamesone) survive.^[7][8] Another series of 110 imagined portraits of the monarchs from the list was painted for Charles II by Jacob de Wet II, and hung in Holyrood Palace. The de Wet portrait collection later became a noted sight for tourists, for example as written about by John Macky, A Journey through Scotland.^[9]

Historiography of Buchanan's list

While Rerum Scoticarum Historia was published only in the year of Buchanan's death, he had worked on it during much of his life. It was published with his De jure regni apud Scotos, first printed 1579. Of the two works, the Historia for Buchanan served as a source of precedents on dealing with bad kings (tyrants in the list inevitably come to a sorry end at the hands of the people, in line with Buchanan's monarchomach position), while the De jure is cast as a humanist dialogue between Buchanan himself and Thomas Maitland, and concentrates on classical examplars. Both works were dedicated to James VI.^[10] King James came to regard the chronicles of Buchanan and John Knox as "infamous invectives.^[11]

The king-list of the Historia was therefore, in that work, only incidental to Buchanan's purpose in the book, whatever later uses it may have been put to. After the later scholarly work of Thomas Innes, this list was given little credence in its initial parts. It was, however, the culmination of centuries of development of king-lists for the Kingdom of Scotland. Much fictional material had been introduced into these lists by the humanist Hector Boece, writing half a century before Buchanan. Peter Hume Brown in his biography of Buchanan describes him as somewhat more sceptical than Boece in what he accepted as historical; but less so than John Mair, writing earlier.^[12] Buchanan has been called inconsistent in his treatment of classical sources, since his rejection of the legend of Gathelus does not extend to the early Scottish kings, who are equally unsupported by classical authors.^[13]

Writers who perpetuated the Boece tradition, as put into form by Buchanan, included:

• John Johnston, Inscriptiones Historicæ Regum Scotorum, continuata annorum serie a Fergusio I. ad Jacobum VI. (1602)^[14]
• Gilbert Gray
• David Hume of Godscroft
• James Ussher^[15]
• Alexander Gardyne, Theatre of the Scotish Kings [sic], published 1709 by James Watson^[14][16]
• James Wallace, The History of the Kingdom of Scotland from Fergus the First King to the Union (1724)

The antiquity of the line was attacked by William Lloyd, who argued that Scotland was not settled before the sixth century; George Mackenzie published the 1685 Defence of the Antiquity of the Royal Line of Scotland against Lloyd, and a sequel the next year against Edward Stillingfleet, who had given a sceptical account of Boece's history in Chapter V of his Origines Britannicae.^[17][18] The work of Innes, which in effect terminated the scholarly debate, was published in 1729, but the tradition continued.

• James Anderson, Royal Genealogies (1732). This book was based on a work of Johann Hübner, but with Anderson's additions.^[19] The king-list is Table 499, attributed to Boece and Buchanan.^[20]
• Francis Nichols, The British Compendium (1741)^[21]
• William Guthrie.

Subsequently, John Pinkerton and William Forbes Skene contributed to the study of the king-lists. Reference works continued, however, to copy Buchanan's list, and the mythological history took many years to drop out of circulation, persisting in print as factual well into the nineteenth century (for example the fourth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1810), the Encyclopædia Perthensis (1816),^[22] the London Encyclopedia (1829), and the individual kings in reference books by George Crabb^[23] and John Platts^[24]).

Legendary content

See list of Scottish monarchs for the view of contemporary historians of Scotland. The first historical figure in Buchanan's list is Caratacus. The rediscovery of the works of Tacitus prompted Boece to include this well-attested figure from the period of the Roman occupation of Britain.

The last legendary figure is more complex to discuss. The kings in the list from about the sixth century (in the Fifth Book of Buchanan) onwards may have some relationship to historical figures in the Kingdom of Dalriada, extending in present-day terms from western Scotland to part of Ireland. See list of Kings of Dál Riata. But the Kingdom of Scotland (i.e. Alba) was not a historical reality until Kenneth MacAlpin created it in the year 843; and what was said about his predecessors in the list by Buchanan may have little historical foundation.

The list of Kings of the Picts includes other historical figures reigning in parallel with the Dalriada kings, in other areas of what is now Scotland. The critical Essay (1729) of Innes, while demolishing the king-list going back to Boece, substituted in part kings of the Picts, and is now regarded as questionable in its own way. Innes was a Jacobite and concerned therefore to lay emphasis on legitimacy of descent and primogeniture.^[25]

Legendary kings (Buchanan), BC

Numbering (Buchanan)	Name	Accession date (Buchanan)	Alternate names	Comments
1	Fergus I	330 BC		The first king of Scotland, according to the fictitious chronology of Boece and Buchanan. He is said to have come to Scotland from Ireland about 330 BC to assist the Scots already settled in Scotland against the joint attack of the Picts and Britons. He is then said to have gone back to Ireland to quell disturbances, and to have been drowned in the passage off the rock or port which got the name of Carrick Fergus from him. According to John Fordoun, Andrew of Wyntoun, and most of the earlier genealogical lists of Scottish kings, the same account is given of the settlement of the Scots from Ireland by a King Fergus, son of Ferchard. According to other lists, Ferchard or Feardach, the father of Fergus, was the first and Fergus the second king.[26]
2	Feritharis	305 BC	Ferithais (Bellenden)[27]	Brother of Fergus, and in Buchanan's view elected king.[28]
3	Mainus	290 BC
4	Dornadilla	262 BC	Dorvidilla (Bellenden)[27]	The identification of Dun Dornaigil as Dornadilla's castle is mentioned in Itinerarium septentrionale (1726) by Alexander Gordon.[29] Dorvidilla, in Boece, was fond of hunting dogs, and made laws regulating hunting.[30]
5	Nothatus	232 BC	Nathak (Bellenden)[27]	In legend, killed by Dovallus; a story adopted by Clan Macdowall for their ancestry.[31]
6	Reutherus		Reuther (Boece),[32] Rewthar (Bellenden)[27]	Claimed as the eponym of Rutherglen.[33]
7	Reuthra		Rewtha (Bellenden)[27]
8	Thereus
9	Josina		Josyne (Bellenden)[27]
10	Finnanus		Fynnane (Bellenden)[27]
11	Durstus
12	Evenus I
13	Gillus
14	Evenus II
15	Ederus
16	Evenus III
17	Metallanus			According to Boece, he received Roman ambassadors.[34]

Legendary kings (Buchanan), Caratacus to Eugenius I

Numbering (Buchanan)	Name	Accession date (Buchanan)	Alternate names	Comments
18	Caractacus
19	Corbredus I
20	Dardannus
21	Corbredus II Galdus
22	Luctacus		Lugthacus (Boece)[32]	Boece says some of his crimes must go unmentioned (and then mentions them).[35]
23	Mogaldus		Mogallus (Boece)[32]
24	Conarus
25	Ethodius
26	Satrael		Satrahel (Boece)[32]
27	Donaldus I			Boece makes him the first Christian king.[32]
28	Ethodius II
29	Athirco		Athircon, son of Echodius (James Ussher)[36]
30	Nathalocus			A usurper killed by a servant, a story which was the subject of an 1845 poem by James Clerk Maxwell.[37]
31	Findochus		Findocus (Boece)[32]
32	Donaldus II
33	Donaldus III
34	Crathilinthus		Crathlinthus (Boece)[32]
35	Fincormachus
36	Romachus
37	Angusianus
38	Fethelmachus		Fethelmacus (Boece)[32]
39	Eugenius I		Evenus I

Buchanan's Fifth Book, Fergus II to Kenneth II

Numbering (Buchanan)	Name	Accession date (Buchanan)	Alternate names	Comments
40	Fergusius II		Fergus II, Fergus the Great	See Fergus Mór.
41	Eugenius II		Evenus II
42	Dongardus	452	Domangart	See Domangart Réti.
43	Constantine I	457		Polydore Vergil (Anglica Historia, 1555) gives from here a succession close to Buchanan.[38]
44	Congallus I	479		See Comgall mac Domangairt.
45	Goranus	501	Gabhran Goranus,[39] Conranus (Boece).[32]	See Gabrán mac Domangairt.
46	Eugenius III	535
47	Congallus II	558	Convallus (Boece).[32]	See Conall mac Comgaill.
48	Kinnatellus	574	Kynnatillus (Boece),[32] Cumatillus,[40] Amtillus.[38]
49	Aidanus	575		See Áedán mac Gabráin
50	Kennethus I	605	Kenneth I Keir (Boece)[32]
51	Eugenius IV	606		See Eochaid Buide.[41]
52	Fearchair I[42]	626	Ferquart[38]
53	Donaldus IV	638		See Domnall Brecc
54	Ferchardus II[43]	652	Ferquhardus I (Boece),[32] Fearchair Fada.	See Ferchar Fota.
55	Maldvinus	670	Malduinus (Boece)[32]
56	Eugenius V	690		See Eochaid mac Domangairt.[41]
57	Eugenius VI	694
58	Amberkelethus	704	Ambirkelethus (Boece),[32] Ainbhealach, Ambercletus in Polydore Vergil.[44][38]	See Ainbcellach mac Ferchair.
59	Eugenius VII	706		Likely duplicates Eugenius VI.[41]
60	Mordacus	723		See Muiredach mac Ainbcellaig.
61	Etfinus	730	Ethfinus (Boece)[32]
62	Eugene VIII	761		See Eógan mac Muiredaig.[41]
63	Fergus II	764
64	Solvathius	767	Selvach.[45]	See Selbach mac Ferchair and the legend of Sholto Douglas.
65	Achaius	788		See Eochaid mac Áeda Find
66	Congallus III	819	Convallus II (Boece)[32]	See Conall Crandomna but at a great chronological distance.
67	Dongallus	824
68	Alpinus			See Alpín mac Echdach.
69	Kennethus II			See Kenneth MacAlpin.

Sixth Book, later kings

• (73) Grig/Gregory the Great: see Giric

Notes

1. ^ Latin version online
2. ^ Listing in an English translation
3. ^ William Ferguson, The Identity of the Scottish Nation: an historic quest (1998), p. 37; online at Google Books.
4. ^ Goldstein, R. James, "Bisset, Baldred", on the website of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Subscription or UK public library membership required), http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/2475 
5. ^ George Buchanan, edited by Paul J. McGinnis and Arthur H. Williamson, The Political Poetry (1995), p. 24 and p. 134.
6. ^ Marcus Merriman, The Rough Wooings: Mary Queen of Scots 1542–1551 (2000), pp. 42–46.
7. ^ Elizabeth McGrath, Local Heroes: the Scottish Humanist Parnassus for Charles I, p. 258, in Edward Chaney and Peter Mack (editors), England and the Continental Renaissance (1990).
8. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/noblecollege/art.htm
9. ^ http://www.scotsites.co.uk/ebooks/travellerstales7.htm
10. ^ J. H. Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450–1700 (1991), p. 216–217.
11. ^ Alan Stewart, The Cradle King: A life of James VI and I (2004), p. 148.
12. ^ http://www.archive.org/details/georgebuchananhu00browiala
13. ^ http://www.archive.org/stream/sanctaactaconvent00inteuoft#page/14/mode/2up
14. ^ ^{a b} McClure, J. Derrick, "Johnston, John", on the website of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Subscription or UK public library membership required), http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/14944 
15. ^ Vol. vi in Whole works; now for the first time collected, with a life of the author and an account of his writings (1864), edited by Charles Richard Elrington.
16. ^ http://collections.chadwyck.co.uk/html/ep2/bibliography/g.htm
17. ^ Jackson, Clare, "Mackenzie, Sir George, of Rosehaugh", on the website of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Subscription or UK public library membership required), http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/17579 
18. ^ http://www.archive.org/stream/originesbritanni02stiluoft#page/n5/mode/2up
19. ^  "Anderson, James (1680?-1739)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 
20. ^ At Google Books, table as p. 12 of volume as scanned.
21. ^ http://www.archive.org/details/britishcompendiu03nich
22. ^ http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=-EpQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=Crathilinthus&source=bl&ots=DFL0MEbumZ&sig=-8VzVFKUCqAtiuks68nzW3qcq-Y&hl=en&ei=EiNASpKWGYKKsgOyreiZDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#v=onepage&q=Crathilinthus&f=false
23. ^ Universal Historical Dictionary (1833); Google Books.
24. ^ New Universal Biography (1826); Google Books.
25. ^ Halloran, Brian M., "Innes, Thomas", on the website of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Subscription or UK public library membership required), http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/14432 
26. ^  "Fergus I". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 
27. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Contents from Boece, taken from 1821 edition of the translation by John Bellenden, which was from Latin into Scots of the 16th century.
28. ^ British Identities before Nationalism (PDF), p. 125.
29. ^ http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/event/586669/
30. ^ http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/robert-craig-maclagan/the-perth-incident-of-1396-from-a-folk-lore-point-of-view-hci/page-16-the-perth-incident-of-1396-from-a-folk-lore-point-of-view-hci.shtml
31. ^ http://www.scotweb.co.uk/info/macdowall/
32. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q} http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/boece/kings.html
33. ^ Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (1846) by Samuel Lewis.
34. ^ http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/boece/3eng.html
35. ^ http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/boece/5eng.html
36. ^ http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924024758975#page/n59/mode/2up
37. ^ http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/lewis-campbell/the-life-of-james-clerk-maxwell--with-a-selection-from-his-correspondence-and-o-hci/page-44-the-life-of-james-clerk-maxwell--with-a-selection-from-his-correspondence-and-o-hci.shtml
38. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/polverg/3eng.html: Polydore Vergil gives the succession as Constantine, Congallus, Goranus, Eugene III, Convallus, Amtillus, Aidan, Kenneth, Eugene IV, Ferquart, Donald, Maldwin, Eugene V, Eugene VI, and Ambercletus.
39. ^  "Goranus, Gabhran". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 
40. ^ http://www.archive.org/stream/ecclesiasticalch01gord#page/2/mode/2up
41. ^ ^{a b c d} Summerson, Henry, "Eugenius I-VIII", on the website of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Subscription or UK public library membership required), http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/52471 
42. ^  "Fearchair I". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 
43. ^  "Ferchardus II". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 
44. ^ http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/polydore-vergil/polydore-vergils-english-history-from-an-early-translation-preserved-among-the-goo/page-13-polydore-vergils-english-history-from-an-early-translation-preserved-among-the-goo.shtml
45. ^  "Selvach". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 

External links

• Boece, Scotorum Historia (1575 edition)
• Links to Buchanan's Latin
• 1831 English translation of Buchanan
• Metrical version of Boece, by William Stewart, edited by William Barclay Turnbull (1858)
• Holinshed, A History of Scotland
• Chart

Attribution

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Fergus I". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.