- Martin X-23 PRIME
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X-23 PRIME Preserved X-23 PRIME at USAF Museum, Dayton, Ohio Role Lifting body Manufacturer Martin Marietta First flight 21 December 1966 Retired 19 April 1967 Status Out of service Primary user United States Air Force Number built 3 Variants Martin X-24 The Martin X-23A PRIME (Precision Reentry Including Maneuvering reEntry) was a small lifting body re-entry vehicle tested by the United States Air Force in the mid-1960s. Unlike ASSET, primarily used for structural and heating research, the X-23 PRIME was developed to study the effects of maneuvering during re-entry of Earth's atmosphere, including cross-range maneuvers up to 710 statute miles (1143 km) off of the ballistic track.
Contents
Design
Each X-23 was constructed from titanium, beryllium, stainless steel, and aluminium. The craft consisted of two sections — the aft main structure and a removable forward "glove section." The structure was completely covered with a Martin-developed ablative heat shield 20 to 70 mm (¾ to 2¾ inches) thick, and the nose cap was constructed of carbon phenolic material.
Aerodynamic control was provided by a pair of 12-inch (30 cm) square lower flaps, and fixed upper flaps and rudders. A nitrogen gas reaction control system was used outside the atmosphere. At Mach 2 a drogue ballute deployed and slowed the vehicle's descent. As it deployed, its cable sliced the upper structure of the main equipment bay, allowing a 47-foot (16.4 m) recovery chute to deploy. It would then be recovered in midair by a specially-equipped JC-130B Hercules aircraft.
Flight testing
The first PRIME vehicle was launched from Vandenberg AFB on 21 December 1966 atop an Atlas launch vehicle. This mission simulated a low-earth orbit reentry with a zero cross-range. The ballute deployed at 99,850 feet (30.43 km), though the recovery parachute failed to completely deploy. The vehicle crashed into the Pacific Ocean.
The second vehicle was launched on 5 March 1967. This flight simulated a 654-mile (1053-kilometre) cross range re-entry, and banking at hypersonic speeds. Several stringers on the main parachute failed to cut, preventing a successful recovery. It too was lost in the Pacific.
The final PRIME mission was flown on 19 April 1967, and simulated reentry from low-earth orbit with a 710-mile (1143-kilometre) cross-range. This time, all systems performed perfectly, and the X-23 was successfully recovered. An inspection by a USAF-Martin team reported the craft "ready to fly again," although no later missions were carried out. The third X-23 is now on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio.
Specifications (X-23)
General characteristics
- Crew: None
- Length: 6 ft 9 in (2.07 m)
- Wingspan: 3 ft 10 in (1.16 m)
- Height: 2 ft 1 in (0.64 m)
- Loaded weight: 890 lb (405 kg)
- Powerplant: × Nitrogen-gas reaction control thrusters
Performance
- Maximum speed: Mach 25
- Range: 710 miles (1,143 km)
- Hypersonic L/D Ratio: 1:1
References
- Dennis R. Jenkins, Tony Landis, Jay Miller: AMERICAN X-VEHICLES An Inventory—X-1 to X-50, Monographs in Aerospace History No. 31, SP-2003-4531, June 2003 (PDF)
See also
- Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
External links
Lists relating to aviation General Aircraft (manufacturers) · Aircraft engines (manufacturers) · Airlines (defunct) · Airports · Civil authorities · Museums · Registration prefixes · Rotorcraft (manufacturers) · TimelineMilitary Accidents/incidents Records USAF/Joint Service experimental aircraft designations 1941– (X-planes) 1–25 26–50 50- X-51 · (X-52 not assigned) · X-53 · X-54 · X-55
See also: Douglas Skystreak · Douglas Skyrocket · List of X-planes • List of experimental aircraft Categories:- Glider aircraft
- Lifting body aircraft
- Spaceplanes
- United States experimental aircraft 1960–1969
- Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
- Martin aircraft
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