tert-Butanol

tert-Butanol


tert-Butanol
Identifiers
CAS number 75-65-0 YesY
PubChem 6386
ChemSpider 6146 YesY
UNII MD83SFE959 YesY
EC number 200-889-7
UN number 1120
DrugBank DB03900
MeSH tert-Butyl+Alcohol
ChEBI CHEBI:45895 N
ChEMBL CHEMBL16502 YesY
RTECS number EO1925000
Beilstein Reference 906698
Gmelin Reference 1833
Jmol-3D images Image 1
Properties
Molecular formula C4H10O
Molar mass 74.12 g mol−1
Exact mass 74.073164942 g mol−1
Appearance Colorless liquid
Odor Camphorous
Density 780.9 mg cm−3
Melting point

25-26 °C, 298-299 K, 77-79 °F

Boiling point

82-83 °C, 355-356 K, 179-181 °F

log P 0.584
Vapor pressure 4.1 kPa (at 20 °C)
Refractive index (nD) 1.387
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of
formation
ΔfHo298
−360.04–−358.36 kJ mol−1
Std enthalpy of
combustion
ΔcHo298
−2.64479–−2.64321 MJ mol−1
Standard molar
entropy
So298
189.5 J K−1 mol−1
Specific heat capacity, C 215.37 J K−1 mol−1
Hazards
MSDS inchem.org
GHS pictograms The flame pictogram in the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) The exclamation-mark pictogram in the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)
GHS signal word DANGER
GHS hazard statements H225, H319, H332, H335
GHS precautionary statements P210, P261, P305+351+338
EU Index 603-005-00-1
EU classification Flammable F Harmful Xn
R-phrases R11, R20, R36/37
S-phrases (S2), S9, S16, S46
NFPA 704
NFPA 704.svg
3
1
0
Flash point 11 °C
Autoignition
temperature
480 °C
Explosive limits 2.4–8.0%
Related compounds
Related butanols 2-Butanol

n-Butanol
Isobutanol

Related compounds 2-Methyl-2-butanol
 N (verify) (what is: YesY/N?)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

tert-Butanol, or 2-methyl-2-propanol, is the simplest tertiary alcohol. It is one of the four isomers of butanol. tert-Butanol is a clear liquid (or a colorless solid, depending on the ambient temperature) with a camphor-like odor. It is very soluble in water and miscible with ethanol and diethyl ether. It is unique among the isomers of butanol because it tends to be a solid at room temperature, with a melting point slightly above 25 °C.

Contents

Preparation

tert-Butanol is derived commercially from isobutane as a co-product of propylene oxide production. It can also be produced by the catalytic hydration of isobutylene.

Applications

tert-Butanol is used as a solvent, as a denaturant for ethanol, as an ingredient in paint removers, as an octane booster for gasoline, as an oxygenate gasoline additive, and as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemical commodities such as MTBE, ETBE, TBHP, other flavors and perfumes.

Chemistry

As a tertiary alcohol, tert-butanol is more stable to oxidation and less reactive than the other isomers of butanol.

When tert-butanol is deprotonated with a strong base, the product is an alkoxide anion. In this case, it is tert-butoxide. For example, the commonly used organic reagent potassium tert-butoxide is prepared by refluxing dry tert-butanol with potassium metal.[2]

K + tBuOH → tBuOK+ + 1/2 H2

The tert-butoxide species is itself useful as a strong, non-nucleophilic base in organic chemistry. It is able to abstract acidic protons from the substrate molecule readily, but its steric bulk inhibits the group from participating in nucleophilic substitution, such as in a Williamson ether synthesis or an SN2 reaction.

Conversion to alkyl halide

tert-Butanol reacts with hydrogen chloride to form tert-butyl chloride and water via an SN1 mechanism.

The overall reaction, therefore, is:

0-SN1-tBuOH-to-tBuCl-2D-skeletal.png

Because tert-butanol is a tertiary alcohol, the relative stability of the tert-butyl carbocation in the Step 2 allows the SN1 mechanism to be followed. Primary alcohols generally undergo an SN2 mechanism because the relative stability of a primary carbocation intermediate is very low. The tertiary carbocation in this case is stabilized through hyperconjugation where the neighboring C–H sigma bonds donate electrons into the empty p-orbital of the carbocation.

References

  1. ^ "tert-Butyl Alcohol - Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. USA: National Cnter for Biotechnology Information. 26 March 2005. Identification and Related Records. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=6386&loc=ec_rcs. Retrieved 2 November 2011. 
  2. ^ Johnson, William S.; Schneider, William P. (1950), "β-Carbethoxy-γ,γ-diphenylvinylacetic acid", Org. Synth. 30: 18, http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/orgsyn/prepContent.asp?prep=cv4p0132 ; Coll. Vol. 4: 132 

External links



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