- Middle Eastern Mental Health Issues & Syndromes
-
Psychology, Multiculturalism, and the study of Middle Eastern Mental Health Syndromes,[1][2]is an area of research that continues to grow in its scope and content in the United States and throughout the World today. Because the Internet is such a vast Melting Pot of information and study, this resource allows a most comprehensive and holistic approach to Mental Health and the study of those Issues. In 1998 the World Mental Health survey initiative[3] was conducted by the World Federation for Mental Health. The (WFMH) was originally created in 1948 and works in concert with the World Health Organization (WHO). The 1998 survey sought to help define and clarify Mental Health Issues across many societies.
To accurately evaluate and understand Mental Health issues of the Middle East one must take into account the geographic, historical, cultural, and social influences of that part of the world and it's citizenry. While each of the many countries one thinks of as the "Middle East" is unique in and of itself, there is a binding ethnic fabric that any student of this region must realize and account for. Firstly, the Middle East is the origin of many of the major religions of Mankind. Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam, all began in this part of the world. Of these many religions, Islam has had the most lasting and culturally significant influence on the region, encompassing well over Ninety percent (90%) of the population by some measurements. The tenets of the Muslim Faith and its rigidity of purpose certainly have served as a guide and hindrance to the practices' of Mental Health Providers in the Middle East. There is an inherent conflict between ancient religious teachings and the modern day or "Western World" approach to the issues of Mental Health.
Middle East Countries 18–38 (varying definitions) Languages Middle East: Arabic, Aramaic, Azerbaijani, French, Greek, Hebrew, Kurdish, Persian, Turkish
Greater Middle East: Arabic, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Balochi, Dari, French, Greek, Georgian, Hebrew, Kurdish, Pashto, Persian, Punjabi, Sindhi, Somali, Tamazight, Tigrinya, Turkish, UrduTime Zones UTC +8:00 (China) to UTC +3:30 (Iran) Largest Cities In rank order: Cairo, Tehran, Baghdad, Riyadh, Jeddah Contents
Historical Perspective
Mental health in the Middle East from the Pharaonic Era through the Islamic Renaissance, has a rich and complex history. During Pharaonic times, mental illness was not described as it is today, then Soma and Psyche were the terms used to define mental disorders and were described as problems of the heart and of uterine disease, as stated in Eber's and Kahoun's Papyri[4]. Mystical culture of that time was predominate, however mental disorders were treated on a somatic basis. In the Islamic era, mental clients did not endure any known forms of torture, nor were the ill ostracized; due to the belief that possession by a good Moslem genie was possible. The first mental hospital in Europe was located in Spain, as discussed by Author Paul Ghalioungui, following the Arab invasion, and from then expanded to the rest of the soon to be civilized European countries. The prevalence of anxiety, schizophrenia, depression, suicide, conversion disorders, and obsessive compulsive disorders were known and treated with some success.[5]
Morality and culture most likely arose from a collective choice of communal decisions to provide an accepted structure of living together. Geography, tradition, and the specific environment may have been most influential in these decisions. The development or evolution of a social milieu integrated with the culmination of culture. Cultural morality has provided a way of managing conflict within a societal group. Cultural morality and the required behaviors that are cooperative in nature and a cognizance of others within the group, ostracized unhealthy behaviors, and therefore encouraged emotions and actions beneficial to a society. These realized constructs provided an outlet and model of motivations and accepted actions within a social group.[6] In a 1992 study,[7]. Schwartz, Roccas and Sagiv, evaluated how priorities are displayed and altered by a "Social Experience,"[8] and how those priorities affected "behavioral orientation and choices."[9] The study surmised that the majority of cultures prioritize some "Ten Value Types: Self-determination, Stimulation, Hedonism, Achievement, Power, Security, Conformity, Tradition, Benevolence, and Universalism.[10] Among these there were values that culture's prioritize to varying degrees.
Schwartz Study helped develop his theory of specific types of values allowing varying cultures to be contrasted with one another. The data was collected from Forty Nine nations of the world was applied to a construct of Seven Value Types. This was done according to a society's specific priority of its communal value set. Schwartz, selected the Seven types of values based on their compatibilities and contradictions to one another. The value types were: "Conservatism vs.Autonomy," "Hierarchy vs. Egalitarianism," and "Mastery vs. Harmony."PDF[11] The value types were then used to examine cultures that were closely related to each other. The theory is based on cultural dimensions so that conclusions can be defined to a degree, while accounting for the entire society matrix. This theory has a significant influence on helping researchers assess the cultural implications of values on regional cultures. The research also found a correlation between geographical proximity and shared cultural values. Schwartz, attributed these relationships to the "shared history", religion, level of development, culture contact and other factors."[12] PDF[1]
Known Syndromes
Zār or Zaars
- "Zār or Zaar,"[13][14](زار) known as possession by a spirit is exhibited by some Middle Eastern Cultures[15]. Specific Ceremonies are performed to placate the Zār and relieve client symptoms. These ritualized ceremonies, organized and facilitated by a leader, assemble the affiliated individual and the previously affected person by the zār and involve, "incense, music, and movement."[13] The details of the ceremony vary by region and become unique over time. "Some leaders may recommend that the patient first seek the help of a doctor while others may oppose seeking this type of help if they believe that the needles from injections prescribed by the doctor will further agitate the zār and create more problems for the patient. Having opted for a remedy from Bābā or Māmā zār, the patient will prepare to stay in isolation for up to Seven days."[13]Countries where this syndrome are seen include, Ethiopia, Egypt, Iran, Sudan, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Middle East. Signs and symptoms of Zār may include dissociative episodes, unexpected laughing, yelling, singing, even hitting their heads against a wall. Clients may exhibit apathy and be reclusive. Those under the influence of the Zār may refuse to eat or carry out activities of daily living, and may develop an extended interaction with the possessing spirit.[14]
The Evil Eye
- The "Evil Eye" known as ʿayn al-ḥasūd (عين الحسود)" and "Mal De Ojo,"[14] in the Mexican culture[17] covered in some detail at a website labeled San Francisco Bardo Training Center."[18] The late Professor Alan Dundes, formerly of the University of California, Berkeley, in his books, "Interpreting Folklore"[19] and "The Evil Eye: A Casebook,"[20] made several interpretations of The Evil Eye's historical origins and the latter text being a collection of his prior writings assembled as one text for his anthropology-folklore students. Professor Dundes theorized that "The Evil Eye," had a Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, and Indo European pattern of distribution and was completely unknown in the Americas, Pacific Islands, Asia, and, Sub Saharan Africa until the introduction of European and possibly the MooreCulture. Basing his ideas upon the Ancient underlying belief that water equated represented Life and that Dryness relayed Death. Dr. Dundes summarized that true "Evil" caused by "The Evil Eye," came from its power to cause living beings to "dry up" specifically referring to Babies, Lactating Creatures, including Bovine and other nursing Mammals, and even young fruit trees.[21] Described symptomsmentioned included sudden Vomiting, Diarrhea, and loss of potency in men. The envious Evil Eye "dries up liquids," per Professor Alan Dundes, contending these qualities demonstrated its Middle Eastern and Desert origins. This unique syndrome is also mentioned in the DSM-IV TR, Appendix I.[22] The syndrome is also seen in many other Middle Eastern Countries.[citation needed]
Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome
- Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome, or PTSD, is unfortunately a commonly seen syndrome in the Middle East due to the myriad conflicts experienced by peoples of many countries in the region.PDF:[23] The diagnostic symptoms for PTSD may include recurrent experiencing of the initial traumatic event(s) through, flashbacks or recurrent night sweats and nightmares. Those afflicted with Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome often seek to avoid others and any stimulus similar to the traumatic occurrence, and also may exhibit increased arousal. Difficulty in falling or staying asleep, unexpected episodic fits of anger, and Hypervigilant symptoms. The formal diagnostic criteria for both the DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10) explain that symptoms last for more than one month and in fact cause significant impairment in social, occupational, and/or other important areas of functioning[24]. There is also some evidence that children suffering from PTSD in the Middle East may experience accelerated aging.[25]
Depression In The Middle East
Depressionin the Middle East has been specifically studied at Namazi Hospital Shiraz, in Iran. In a 2006 study of Nurses depressive symptoms[26] were seen in almost Twenty-Seven percent (26.9%) of the individuals studied.[27] In this cross-sectional survey, depression prevalence of some 130 nurses was investigated by using a long form test item: the Twenty-One(21) question, Beck Depression Inventory.[28] This collection data also included individual interviews and follow up by the research team.
Alternative Authors & Materials
"Objective evaluation of the development of mental health and psychiatry in the past and planning of sustainable, realistic and improved systems for the future require knowledge of both the differences and similarities. In this context, the Middle East cuts across civilizations and cultures far greater than the geographical definition. Naturally, people and lands of such a vast area have as many differences as they have similarities, if not more. These differences are in areas of history, geography, economic conditions, art, culture, concepts of health and illness and the like. However, if one looks closely, there are also important unifying characteristics that one can use to group these peoples together as a mega entity. Of these, two seem to be most important. The first is religion. The region is the cradle of three of the most important religions practiced in the world today. These are Christianity, Islam and Judaism. Other faiths such as Manicheism and Zoroastrianism also started in this region and faiths like Buddhism and Hinduism have influenced it. All these religions have been important factors in shaping the way of life in the region. However, one religion, Islam, is part of the region’s common identity. Islam is not only the religion practiced by more than 90% of the people in the countries of the region, it is also a way of life that unlike some other religions has clear and earthly regulations for many aspects of the personal, family and social activities of believers. Needless to say, in different countries of the region, the national cultures and traditions have influenced the practice of Islam. However, it gives all of them a certain common identity in many spiritual and everyday aspects of life. The second is the opportunity for equal exposure to the intuitive, holistic philosophies of the East on the one hand, and the objective, pragmatic, fact-oriented philosophies and methodologies of the West on the other. This circumstance had both positive and negative effects. On the one hand, it has provided us with the possibility of looking at things from two different points of view; as parts of a whole, not understandable without understanding the whole, or as separate entities through which larger systems can be understood by analysis. On the other hand, it has confused us as to the real meaning and purpose of science and art and our place and role in nature and the universe."
Mental health and psychiatry in the Middle East: historical development, A. Mohit, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Volume 7, No.3, May 2001, 336-347, [Journal Article]
References
- '^Mental health and psychiatry in the Middle East: historical development,A. Mohit, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal,Volume 7, No.3,May 2001, 336-347
- ^ Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
- ^ The World Mental Health Survey Initiative
- ^ http://www.wrf.org/ancient-medicine/oldest-medical-books.php, "Magic and Medical Science in Ancient Egypt,"(1963), Ghalioungui, Paul
- ^ Ancient Egypt | Treatment of the Mentally Ill
- ^ D. Wong, "Natural Moralities," (October, 2006), Oxford University Press, 2006 [abs].
- ^ http://www.subjectpool.com/ed_teach/y4person/7_creativity/2010/2PersonalityAndValues.pptx
- ^ Social experience and social context alter the beh... [Neuroscience. 2002] - PubMed result
- ^ Schwartz, Shalom H. "Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries." Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 25 (1992): 1-65.
- ^ Schwartz's Value Inventory
- ^ doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6
- ^ Shwartz, S. (1999). "A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. International association of applied psychology."
- ^ a b c Encyclopædia Iranica | Articles
- ^ a b c TMH: Glossary of Culture-Bound Syndromes
- ^ Middle Eastern
- ^ User:Danieliness - Wikimedia Commons
- ^ Mal de ojo
- ^ Evil Eye - Mal de Ojo
- ^ "Interpreting Folklore," Indiana University Press, Ed.,(1980)
- ^ "The Evil Eye: A Casebook." University of Wisconsin Press, Ed.,1992.
- ^ Fables of the Ancients: Folklore in the Qur'an. Rowman & Littlefield,(2003)
- ^ ^"Appendix I: Outline for Cultural Formulation and Glossary of Culture-Bound Syndromes". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), 1. 2000. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349.7060. ISBN 0-89042-334-2
- ^ http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/newsletters/research-quarterly/v21n4.pdf
- ^ American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. ISBN 0890420610.
- ^ http://biomedme.com/general/ptsd-patients-with-childhood-trauma-at-risk-of-accelerated-aging.shtml
- ^ NIMH · Depression
- ^ Middle East Journal of Family Medicine
- ^ Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (June 1961). "An inventory for measuring depression". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 4: 561–71. PMID 13688369.
External Links & Sources
- Allan, Lyle (1983), 'A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Multiculturalism', in Social Alternatives (University of Queensland), Vol.3, No.3, July, pages 65–72, PDF: [2]
- BBC News, Revolution in Egypt's mental health care, Published: 2009/05/06 08:21:48 GMT[3]
- Blainey, Geoffrey (1984), All For Australia, Methuen Haynes, North Ryde, New South Wales, ISBN 0-454-00828-7
- Conflict behind rise in mental health disorders in Somalia, Middle East Online, IRIN, 2010-06-04,[4]
- Brody EB (February 2004). "The World Federation for Mental Health: its origins and contemporary relevance to WHO and WPA policies". World Psychiatry 3 (1): 54–5. PMC 1414666. PMID 16633456. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1414666.
- Clancy, Greg (2006), The Conspiracies of Multiculturalism, Sunda Publications, Gordon, New South Wales. ISBN 0-9581564-1-7
- Definition of Society from the OED.
- Hirst, John (2005), Sense and Nonsense in Australian History, Black Inc. Agenda, Melbourne, Victoria. ISBN 9780977594931
- Keonig, H. G., International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 30, 385-398.(2000) "Religion and medicine I: Historical background and reasons for separation." * Lecture notes on "Defining Society" Retrieved From: East Carolina University.
- Mieder, Wolfgang (2006). ""The Proof Of The Proverb Is In The Probing": Alan Dundes as Pioneering Paremiologist". Western Folklore (Summer 2006). http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3732/is_200607/ai_n19431119/pg_1. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- Oliver, Myrna (2005-04-03). "Alan Dundes, 70; Folklorist Drew Laughs and Hostility". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/03/local/me-dundes3. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- Mental health needs outweigh resources in Middle East: World Federation for Mental Health 2008 report encourages advocacy for World Mental Health Day, Jamie Read, TBWA/RAAD/PR, Rima Maalouf, C.C.M., Eli Lilly, Press Release 10 Oct., 2008[5]
- Okasha, A. (2005). "Mental health in Egypt." Isr J. Psychiatry Related Science, 42, 116-125.
- Open Directory Project(DMOZ) Middle Eastern Mental Health: [6]
- Paniagua, Cuéllar, I., "Multicultural Mental Health," Edited by FA. San Diego, Academic Press, 2000, pp. 225–248
- Paniagua FA. Culture-bound syndromes, cultural variations, and psychopathology. In: Cuellar I, Paniagua FA (eds). Handbook of Multicultural Mental Health. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2000: 139-169.
- Putnam, Robert D., "E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-first Century -- The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize," Scandinavian Political Studies 30 (2), June 2007[7]
- Saraceno, Benedetto, M.D.; ET AL Global Mental Health Series #5: "Barriers to improvement of mental health services in low-income and middle-income countries" The Lancet, V. 370, Issue 9593, 1164-74, Sept. 29-Oct 5, 2007[8]
- Sailer, Steve, "Fragmented Future: Multiculturalism doesn’t make vibrant communities but defensive ones," American Conservative, Jan. 15, 2007[9]
- Salter, Frank, On Genetic Interests: Family, Ethnicity, and Humanity in an Age of Mass Migration, 2007, ISBN 1-41280-596-1.
- Wong, David, "Natural Moralities:A Defense of Pluralistic Relativism", 2006, ISBN-13: 978-0-19-530539-5, [10]
- World Federation for Mental Health - Official website
- World Fellowship for Schizophrenia and Allied Disorders - 'Information for families caring for people with mental illness'
- - World Health Organization, Mental Health, Home Page
- Zonis, Marvin and Craig M. Joseph. "Conspiracy Thinking in the Middle East." Political Psychology, V.,15 No.3 1994. pp. 453-459,
See Also
- Acute stress reaction
- Afrocentrism
- ACE Foundation
- Before Columbus Foundation
- Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
- Cosmopolitanism
- Criticism of multiculturalism
- Cross-culturalism
- Cultural assimilation
- Cultural competence
- Cultural pluralism
- Ethnic origin
- Ethnocentrism
- Ethnocultural empathy
- Global Centre for Pluralism (Canada)
- Global Justice
- Intercultural competence
- Interculturalism
- Media violence research
- Multiculturalism and Christianity
- Multiculturalism and Islam
- Multicultural art
- Multinational State
- Nation-building
- Nationalism
- Plural society
- Pluriculturalism
- Polyethnicity
- Racial integration
- Racialism
- Survivor syndrome
- Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States Society for the Study of:(MELUS)
- Teaching for Social Justice
- Victimization Symptoms
- Xenocentrism
Journal Resources & Portals
- American Psychiatric Association
- Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies
- Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- E-Psychiatry Blog
- Early Intervention in Psychiatry
- Early Psychosis Association
- Middle East Institute
- Middle East Studies Association
- Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences,
- The Royal College of Psychiatrists
- World Psychiatric Association
Mental and behavioral disorders (F 290–319) Neurological/symptomatic OtherPsychoactive substances, substance abuse, drug abuse and substance-related disorders Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional Psychosis Schizophrenia Mood (affective) Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform - Agoraphobia
- Social anxiety
- Social phobia
- (Anthropophobia)
- Specific phobia
- (Claustrophobia)
- Specific social phobia
OtherPhysiological/physical behavioral Nonorganic
sleep disordersPostnatal- Postpartum depression
- Postnatal psychosis
Adult personality and behavior - Sexual maturation disorder
- Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
- Sexual relationship disorder
- Paraphilia
- (Voyeurism
- Fetishism)
Other- Personality disorder
- Impulse control disorder
- (Kleptomania
- Trichotillomania
- Pyromania
- Dermatillomania)
- Body-focused repetitive behavior
- Factitious disorder
- (Münchausen syndrome)
Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood - X-Linked mental retardation
- (Lujan-Fryns syndrome)
Psychological development
(developmental disorder)- ADHD
- Conduct disorder
- (ODD)
- emotional disorder
- (Separation anxiety disorder)
- social functioning
- (Selective mutism
- RAD
- DAD)
- Tic disorder
- (Tourette syndrome)
- Speech
- (Stuttering
- Cluttering)
- Movement disorder
- (Stereotypic)
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Persian literature Old Middle Ayadgar-i Zariran · Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan · Dēnkard · Book of Jamasp · Book of Arda Viraf · Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan · Cube of Zoroaster · Dana-i_Menog_Khrat · Shabuhragan of Mani · Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr · Bundahishn · Greater Bundahishn · Menog-i Khrad · Jamasp Namag · Pazand · Dadestan-i Denig · Zadspram · Sudgar Nask · Warshtmansr · Zand-i Vohuman Yasht · Drakht-i Asurig · Bahman Yasht · Shikand-gumanic VicharClassical 900s–1000sRudaki · Abu-Mansur Daqiqi · Ferdowsi (Shahnameh) · Abu Shakur Balkhi · Bal'ami · Rabia Balkhi · Abusaeid Abolkheir (967–1049) · Avicenna (980–1037) · Unsuri · Asjadi · Kisai Marvazi · Ayyuqi1000s–1100sBābā Tāher · Nasir Khusraw (1004–1088) · Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) · Khwaja Abdullah Ansari (1006–1088) · Asadi Tusi · Qatran Tabrizi (1009–1072) · Nizam al-Mulk (1018–1092) · Masud Sa'd Salman (1046–1121) · Moezi Neyshapuri · Omar Khayyām (1048–1131) · Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani · Ahmad Ghazali · Hujwiri · Manuchehri · Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani (1098–1131) · Uthman Mukhtari · Abu-al-Faraj Runi · Sanai · Banu Goshasp · Borzu-Nama · Afdal al-Din Kashani · Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami · Mu'izzi · Mahsati Ganjavi1100s–1200sHakim Iranshah · Suzani Samarqandi · Ashraf Ghaznavi · Faramarz Nama · Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi (1155–1191) · Adib Sabir · Am'aq · Najm-al-Din Razi · Attār (1142–c.1220) · Khaghani (1120–1190) · Anvari (1126–1189) · Faramarz-e Khodadad · Nizami Ganjavi (1141–1209) · Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209) · Kamal al-din Esfahani · Shams Tabrizi (d.1248)1200s–1300sAbu Tahir Tarsusi · Najm al-din Razi · Awhadi Maraghai · Shams al-Din Qays Razi · Baha al-din Walad · Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī · Baba Afdal al-Din Kashani · Fakhr al-din Araqi · Mahmud Shabistari (1288–1320s) · Abu'l Majd Tabrizi · Amir Khusro (1253–1325) · Saadi (Bustan / Golestān) · Bahram-e-Pazhdo · Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo · Rumi · Homam Tabrizi (1238–1314) · Nozhat al-Majales · Khwaju Kermani · Sultan Walad1300s–1400sIbn Yamin · Shah Ni'matullah Wali · Hafez · Abu Ali Qalandar · Fazlallah Astarabadi · Nasimi · Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani1400s–1500s1500s–1600sVahshi Bafqi (1523–1583) · 'Orfi Shirazi1600s–1700sSaib Tabrizi (1607–1670) · Kalim Kashani · Hazin Lāhiji (1692–1766) · Saba Kashani · Bidel Dehlavi (1642–1720)1700s–1800sNeshat Esfahani · Forughi Bistami (1798–1857) · Mahmud Saba Kashani (1813–1893)Contemporary PoetIran· Ali Abdolrezaei · Ahmadreza Ahmadi · Mehdi Akhavan-Sales · Hormoz Alipour · Qeysar Aminpour · Mohammadreza Aslani · Aref Qazvini · Manouchehr Atashi · Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani · Mohammad-Taqi Bahar · Reza Baraheni · Simin Behbahani · Hushang Ebtehaj · Bijan Elahi · Parviz Eslampour · Parvin E'tesami · Forough Farrokhzad · Hossein Monzavi · Hushang Irani · Iraj Mirza · Bijan Jalali · Siavash Kasraie · Esmail Khoi · Shams Langeroodi · Mohammad Mokhtari · Nosrat Rahmani · Yadollah Royaee · Tahereh Saffarzadeh · Sohrab Sepehri · Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani · Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar · Ahmad Shamlou · Manouchehr Sheybani · Nima YooshijAfghanistanNadia Anjuman · Wasef Bakhtari · Raziq Faani · Khalilullah Khalili · Youssof Kohzad · Massoud Nawabi · Abdul Ali Mustaghni
TajikistanSadriddin Ayni · Farzona · Iskandar Khatloni · Abolqasem Lahouti · Gulrukhsor Safieva · Loiq Sher-Ali · Payrav Sulaymoni · Mirzo TursunzodaUzbekistanPakistanIndiaNovelAli Mohammad Afghani · Ghazaleh Alizadeh · Bozorg Alavi · Reza Amirkhani · Mahshid Amirshahi · Reza Baraheni · Simin Daneshvar · Mahmoud Dowlatabadi · Reza Ghassemi · Houshang Golshiri · Aboutorab Khosravi · Ahmad Mahmoud · Shahriyar Mandanipour · Abbas Maroufi · Iraj PezeshkzadShort StoryJalal Al-e-Ahmad · Yousef Alikhani · Kourosh Asadi · Shamim Bahar · Sadeq Chubak · Simin Daneshvar · Nader Ebrahimi · Ali-Moraf Fadaeenia · Ebrahim Golestan · Houshang Golshiri · Sadegh Hedayat · Bahram Heydari · Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh · Aboutorab Khosravi · Mostafa Mastoor · Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi · Houshang Moradi Kermani · Bijan Najdi · Shahrnush Parsipur · Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi · Bahram Sadeghi · Goli TaraqqiPlayReza Abdoh · Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh · Hamid Amjad · Bahram Bayzai · Mohammad Charmshir · Alireza Koushk Jalali · Hadi Marzban · Bijan Mofid · Hengameh Mofid · Abbas Na'lbandian · Akbar Radi · Pari Saberi · Mohammad YaghoubiScreenplaySaeed Aghighi · Mohammadreza Aslani · Rakhshan Bani-E'temad · Bahram Bayzai · Hajir Darioush · Pouran Derakhshandeh · Asghar Farhadi · Bahman Farmanara · Hamid Farrokhnezhad · Farrokh Ghaffari · Behrouz Gharibpour · Bahman Ghobadi · Fereydun Gole · Ebrahim Golestan · Ali Hatami · Hossein Jafarian · Abolfazl Jalili · Ebrahim Hatamikia · Abdolreza Kahani · Varuzh Karim-Masihi · Samuel Khachikian · Abbas Kiarostami · David Mahmoudieh · Majid Majidi · Mohsen Makhmalbaf · Dariush Mehrjui · Reza Mirkarimi · Hengameh Mofid · Rasoul Mollagholipour · Amir Naderi · Jafar Panahi · Kambuzia Partovi · Rasul Sadr Ameli · Mohammad Sadri · Parviz Shahbazi · Sohrab Shahid-SalessOthersDehkhoda ·Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of Iran, Tajikistan and one of the two official languages of Afghanistan.Psychology Basic psychology Abnormal · Affective science · Affective neuroscience · Behavioral neuroscience · Cognitive · Cognitive neuroscience · Comparative · Cultural · Developmental · Differential · Evolutionary · Experimental · Intelligence · Mathematical · Personality · Positive · Psycholinguistics · Psychophysics · Psychophysiology · Social · Theoretical
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