Non-English usage of quotation marks

A Non-English usage of quotation marks
Punctuation apostrophe ( ’ ' ) brackets ( [ ], ( ), { }, ⟨ ⟩ ) colon ( : ) comma ( , ) dash ( ‒, –, —, ― ) ellipsis ( …, ..., . . . ) exclamation mark ( ! ) full stop/period ( . ) guillemets ( « » ) hyphen ( ‐ ) hyphen-minus ( - ) question mark ( ? ) quotation marks ( ‘ ’, “ ”, ' ', " " ) semicolon ( ; ) slash/stroke ( / ) solidus ( ⁄ ) Word dividers space ( ) ( ) ( ) (␠) (␢) (␣) interpunct ( · ) General typography ampersand ( & ) at sign ( @ ) asterisk ( * ) backslash ( \ ) bullet ( • ) caret ( ^ ) copyright symbol ( © ) dagger ( †, ‡ ) degree ( ° ) ditto mark ( 〃 ) inverted exclamation mark ( ¡ ) inverted question mark ( ¿ ) number sign/pound/hash ( # ) numero sign ( № ) obelus ( ÷ ) ordinal indicator ( º, ª ) percent etc. ( %, ‰, ‱ ) pilcrow ( ¶ ) prime ( ′, ″, ‴ ) registered trademark ( ® ) section sign ( § ) service mark ( ℠ ) sound recording copyright ( ℗ ) tilde ( ~ ) trademark ( ™ ) underscore/understrike ( _ ) vertical/broken bar, pipe ( ¦, | ) Currency currency (generic) ( ¤ ) currency (specific) ( ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ ₠ $ ₫ ৳ ₯ € ƒ ₣ ₲ ₴ ₭ ℳ ₥ ₦ ₧ ₱ ₰ £ ₹ ₨ ₪ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ ៛ ) Uncommon typography asterism ( ⁂ ) tee ( ⊤ ) up tack ( ⊥ ) index/fist ( ☞ ) therefore sign ( ∴ ) because sign ( ∵ ) interrobang ( ‽ ) irony & sarcasm punctuation ( ⸮ ) lozenge ( ◊ ) reference mark ( ※ ) tie ( ⁀ ) Related diacritical marks whitespace characters non-English quotation style ( « », „ ” ) Book  · Category  · Portal
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Quotation marks, also called quotes, speech marks or inverted commas, are punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech, a quotation, or a phrase. The pair consists of an opening quotation mark and a closing quotation mark, which may or may not be the same character.^[1]

They have a variety of forms in different languages and in different media, as can be seen in the table below. English usage is included for the purposes of comparison; for more detailed information on quotation marks in English, see the article Quotation marks.

Overview

For particular quote glyph information, see Quotation mark glyphs.

Language	Standard			Alternative			Spacing	Names, references
	primary	secondary		primary	secondary
Afrikaans	“…”	‘…’		„…”	‚…’	[2]		Aanhalingstekens
Albanian	„…“	‘…’						Thonjëza
Basque	«…»	‹…›						Komatxoak
Belarusian	«…»			„…“				Двукоссі ("double commas"), лапкі ("little paws")
Bulgarian [3]	„…“			«…»		[4]		кавички
Catalan [3]	«…»	“…”	[5]	“…”	‘…’		0 pt	Cometes franceses (« »), cometes angleses (“ ”), cometes simples (‘ ’). ‹ and › are never used.
Chinese, Simplified	“…”	‘…’		﹃ ︰ ﹄	﹁ ︰ ﹂	[6]	Fullwidth form	“…” Simplified Chinese 双引号 (Double quotation mark, pinyin: shuāng yǐn hào), ‘…’ Simplified Chinese 单引号 (Single quotation mark, pinyin: dān yǐn hào) GB/T 15834:1995
Chinese, Traditional	「…」	『…』	[7]	“…”	‘…’			引號 (yǐn hào) 國語文教育叢書第三
Croatian	„…”	‚…’		»…«				Navodnici „…” and »…« (latter not used in handwriting, only press & print); polunavodnici ‚…’
Czech	„…“	‚…‘		»…«	›…‹			Uvozovka (singular), uvozovky (plural) (cf. uvozovat = "to introduce")
Danish	»…«	›…‹		„…“ or “…”	‚…‘			citationstegn ("citation marks"), anførselstegn, gåseøjne ("goose eyes")
Dutch	“…”	‘…’		„…”	‚…’			Aanhalingstekens ("citation marks")
English, UK	‘…’ or “…”	“…” or ‘…’	[8]				1–2 pt	Quotation mark, double quote, quote, dirk, double mark, literal mark, double-glitch, inverted commas, speech mark; (INTERCAL: rabbit-ears; ITU-T: dieresis, quotation mark)
English, US	“…”	‘…’	[8]				1–2 pt	See above
Esperanto	“…”	‘…’	[9]					Citiloj
Estonian	„…“			«…»				Jutumärgid ("speech marks")
Filipino	“…”	‘…’	[8][10]					Panipi
Finnish	”…”	’…’		»…»	’…’	[11]		Lainausmerkki ("citation mark", singular), lainausmerkit (plural)
French [3]	« … »	« … » or “…”[12]	[4]	“ … ”	‘ … ’		¼-em / non-break	Guillemets
French, Swiss [13]	«…»	‹…›						See above
Georgian	„…“			“…”			0 pt	ბრჭყალები (brč’q’alebi "claws")
German	„…“	‚…‘		»…«	›…‹			Anführungszeichen, Gänsefüßchen ("little goose feet"), Hochkommas/Hochkommata ("high commas")
German, Swiss [13]	«…»	‹…›						See above
Greek[3][5]	«…»	“…”	[14][15]				1 pt	εισαγωγικά ("introductory marks")
Hebrew	“…”		[2]	“…„				merkha'ot — מֵרְכָאוֹת (plural of merkha — מֵרְכָא); a similar punctuation mark unique to Hebrew is called gershayim — גרשיים
Hungarian [3]	„…”	»…«						macskaköröm ("cat claws"), idézőjel ("quotation mark" = „ ”), lúdláb ("goose feet"), hegyével befelé forduló jelpár (» «)
Icelandic	„…“	‚…‘						Gæsalappir ("goose feet")
Indonesian	“…”	‘…’						Tanda kutip, tanda petik
Interlingua								Virgulettas
Irish	“…”	‘…’					1–2 pt	Liamóg (from "William", see Guillemets)
Italian [3]	«…»			“…”	‘…’		1–2 pt	Virgolette
Italian, Swiss [13]	«…»	‹…›						See above
Japanese	「…」	『…』	[7]					かぎ括弧 (kagi kakko, ‘hook bracket’), 二重かぎ括弧 (nijū kagi kakko, ‘double hook bracket’)
Korean	“…”	‘…’		『…』	「…」			따옴표(“ttaompyo”)
Latvian	«…»	„…“						Pēdiņas
Lithuanian	„…“	‚…‘		«…»	‹…›			Kabutės
Macedonian[16]	„…“	’…‘						Наводници (primary level, double quote), полунаводници (secondary level, single quote)
Norwegian	«…»	’…’		„…”	’…’	[17]		Anførselstegn, gåseauge/gåseøyne ("goose eyes"), hermeteikn/hermetegn, sittatteikn/sitattegn, dobbeltfnutt
Polish [18]	„…”	«…»	[4]	«…»		[19]		Cudzysłów
Portuguese, Brazil [3]	“…”	‘…’						Aspas Duplas and Aspas Simples respectively.
Portuguese, Portugal [3]	«…»	“…”		“…”	‘…’			Aspas or Vírgulas dobradas[20]
Romanian [3]	„…”	«…»	[21]	«…»	„…”		0 pt	Ghilimele (plural), ghilimea (singular, rarely used)
Russian [3]	«…»	„…“					0 pt	Кавычки (kavychki, general term); ёлочки (yolochki, "little fir trees": angle quotes); лапки (lapki, "little paws": curly quotes)
Serbian	„…“	’…’		„…” or »…«				Наводници, знаци навода (cyr.) / Navodnici, znaci navoda (lat.)
Slovak	„…“	‚…‘		»…«	›…‹			úvodzovka (singular), úvodzovky (plural) (cf. uvádzať = "to introduce")
Slovene	„…“	‚…‘		»…«	›…‹
Sorbian	„…“	‚…‘
Spanish [3]	«…»	“…”		“…”	‘…’	[5]	0 pt	Comillas latinas or comillas angulares (« »), comillas inglesas dobles (“ ”), comillas inglesas simples (‘ ’). ‹ and › are never used in Spanish.
Swedish	”…”	’…’		»…» or »…«	’…’	[22]		citationstecken, anföringstecken, citattecken (modernised term), dubbelfnutt (colloquial for ASCII double quote)
Thai	“…”	‘…’						อัญประกาศ (anprakat)
Turkish	“…”	‘…’		«…»	‹…›		0–1 pt	Tırnak İşareti ("fingernail mark")
Ukrainian	«…»			„…“			0 pt	Лапки [plural only] (lapky, "little paws")
Vietnamese	“…”							Dấu ngoặc kép
Welsh	‘…’ or “…”	“…” or ‘…’					1–2 pt	Dyfynodau

Specific language features

Dutch

Although not common in Dutch any more, double angle quotation marks are still used in Dutch government publications.^{[citation needed]}

German (Germany and Austria)

What the “left quote” is in English is used as the right quote in Germany and Austria, and a different “low 9 quote” is used for the left instead:

Samples	Unicode (decimal)	HTML	Description
‚O‘	U+201A (8218), U+2018 (8216)	‚ ‘	German single quotes (left and right)
„O“	U+201E (8222), U+201C (8220)	„ “	German double quotes (left and right)

Double quotes are standard for denoting speech in German.

Andreas fragte mich: „Hast du den Artikel ‚EU-Erweiterung‘ gelesen?“

This style of quoting is also used in Bulgarian, Czech, Estonian, Georgian, Icelandic, Russian, Serbian, and in Ukrainian. In Bulgarian, Icelandic, Russian and Ukrainian single quotation marks are not used. The double-quote style was also used in the Netherlands, but is now out of fashion—it is still frequently found on older shop signs, however and is used by some news papers.

Sometimes, especially in books, the angle quotation marks (see below) are used in Germany and Austria, albeit in reversed order: »O«. In Switzerland, however, the same quotation marks as in French are used: «O».

Double angle quotation marks without spaces are the standard for German printed texts in Switzerland:

Andreas fragte mich: «Hast du den Artikel ‹EU-Erweiterung› gelesen?»

Andrew asked me: ‘Have you read the article “EU Expansion”?’

Angle quotation marks are also often used in German publications from Germany and Austria, especially in novels, but then exactly reversed and without spacing:

Andreas fragte mich: »Hast du den Artikel ›EU-Erweiterung‹ gelesen?«

Andrew asked me: ‘Have you read the article “EU Expansion”?’

Finnish and Swedish

In Finnish and Swedish, right quotes, ”...”, are used to mark both the beginning and the end of a quote (sometimes called “dum quotes”). Double right-pointing angular quotes, »…», can also be used.

Alternatively, an en-dash followed by a (non-breaking) space can be used to denote the beginning of quoted speech, in which case the end of the quotation is not specifically denoted (see below section “Quotation dash”). A line-break should not be allowed between the en-dash and the first word of the quotation.

Samples	Unicode (decimal)	HTML	Description
’O’	U+2019 (8217)	’	Secondary level quotation
”O”	U+201D (8221)	”	Primary level quotation
»O»	U+00BB (187)	»	Alternative primary level quotation
– O	U+2013 (8211)	–	Alternative denotation at the beginning of quoted speech

French

French language uses angle quotation marks (guillemets, or duck-foot quotes), adding a quarter-em space (officially) (U+2005   four-per-em space (HTML:   )) within the quotes. However, many people now use the non-breaking space, because the difference between a non-breaking space and a four-per-em is virtually imperceptible (but also because the Unicode quarter-em space is breakable), and the quarter-em is virtually always omitted in non-Unicode fonts. Even more commonly, people just put a normal (breaking) space between the quotation marks because the non-breaking space is often not easily accessible from the keyboard.

« Voulez-vous un sandwich, Henri ? »

“Would you like a sandwich, Henri?”

Sometimes, for instance on the French news site Le Figaro, no space is used around the quotation marks. This parallels normal usage in other languages, e.g. Catalan, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, or in German, French and Italian as written in Switzerland:

«Dies ist ein Zitat.» [Swiss German]

«To jest cytat.»

«Это цитата».

“This is a quote.”

Samples	Unicode (decimal)	HTML	Description
« O »	U+00AB (171), U+00BB (187)	« »	French double angle quotes (left and right), most usual (approximative) form used today on the web, with normal (half-em) non-breaking spaces.
« O »			French double angle quotes (left and right), more exact form used by typographers, with narrow (quarter-em) non-breaking spaces.
«O»			non-French double angle quotes (left and right) without space (not recommended)
‹ O ›	U+2039 (8249), U+203A (8250)	‹ ›	French single angle quotes (left and right), alternate form for embedded quotations, used on the web with normal non-breaking spaces.
‹ O ›			French single angle quotes (left and right), alternate form for embedded quotations, preferably used by typographers with narrow non-breaking spaces.

Initially, the French guillemet characters were not angle shaped but also used the comma (6/9) shape. They were different from English quotes because they were standing (like today's guillemets) on the baseline (like lowercase letters), and not above it (like apostrophes and English quotation marks) or hanging down from it (like commas). At the beginning of the 19th century, this shape evolved to look like (( small parentheses )). The angle shape appeared later to increase the distinction and avoid confusions with apostrophes, commas and parentheses in handwritten manuscripts submitted to publishers. Unicode currently does not provide alternate codes for these 6/9 guillemets on the baseline, which are still considered as form variants implemented in older French typography (such as the Didot font design). Also there was not necessarily any distinction of shape between the opening and closing guillemets, with both types pointing to the right (like today's French closing guillemets).

Unlike English, French does not set off unquoted material within a quotation mark by using a second set of quotes. They must be used with non-breaking spaces (preferably narrow, if available, i.e. U+202F NNBSP which is missing in most computer fonts but that renderers should be able to render using the same glyph as the breaking "French" thin space U+2009, handling the non-breaking property internally in the text renderer / layout engine, because line-breaking properties are never defined in fonts themselves; such renderers should also be able to infer a half-width space from the glyph assigned to the normal half-em non-breaking space, if the thin space itself is not mapped). Compare:

« C’est une belle journée pour les Montréalais, soutient le ministre. Ces investissements stimuleront la croissance économique. »

“This is a great day for Montrealers”, the minister upholds. “These investments will stimulate economic growth.”

In many printed books, when quotations are spanning multiple lines of text (including multiple paragraphs), an additional closing quotation sign is traditionally used at the beginning of each line continuing a quotation ; any right-pointing guillemet at the beginning of a line does not close the current quotation; this convention has been consistently used since the beginning of the 19th century by most book printers (and is still in use today). Note that such insertion of continuation quotation marks will also occur if there's a word hyphenation break. Unfortunately, there is still no support for automatic insertion of these continuation guillemets in HTML/CSS and in many word-processors, so these have to be inserted by manual typesetting:

« C’est une belle journée pour les Montréalais, soutient
» le ministre. Ces investissements stimuleront la crois-
» sance économique. »

For clarity, some newspapers put the quoted material in italics:

« C’est une belle journée pour les Montréalais, soutient le ministre. Ces investissements stimuleront la croissance économique. »

The French Imprimerie nationale (cf. Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale, presses de l'Imprimerie nationale, Paris, 2002), though, does not use different quotation marks for nesting:

« Son « explication » n’est qu’un mensonge », s’indigna le député.

“His ‘explanation’ is just a lie”, the deputy protested.

In this case, when there should be two adjacent opening or closing marks, only one is written:

Il répondit : « Ce n’est qu’un « gadget ! ».

He answered: “It's only a ‘gizmo’”.

The use of English quotation marks is increasing in French and usually follows English rules, for instance when the keyboard or the software context doesn't allow the utilisation of guillemets. The French news site Le Monde uses straight quotation marks (however, the printed version of this daily newspaper still uses the French angle-shaped guillemets).

English quotes are also used sometimes for nested quotations:

« Son “explication” n’est qu’un mensonge », s’indigna le député.

“His ‘explanation’ is just a lie”, the deputy protested.

But the most frequent convention used in printed books for nested quotations is to style them in italics (single quotation marks are much more rarely used, and multiple levels of quotations using the same marks is often considered confusing for readers):

« Son explication n’est qu’un mensonge », s’indigna le député.

Il répondit : « Ce n’est qu’un gadget ! ».

Further, running speech does not use quotation marks beyond the first sentence, as changes in speaker are indicated by a dash, as opposed to the English use of closing and re-opening the quotation. (For other languages employing dashes, see Quotation dash hereafter.) The dashes may be used entirely without quotation marks as well. In general, quotation marks are extended to encompass as much speech as possible, including not just non-spoken text such as "he said" (as previously noted), but also as long as the conversion extends. The quotation marks end at the last spoken text however, not extending to the end of paragraphs when the final part is not spoken.

« Je ne vous parle pas, monsieur, dit-il.

— Mais je vous parle, moi ! » s’écria le jeune homme exaspéré de ce mélange d’insolence et de bonnes manières, de convenances et de dédains. (Dumas, Les trois mousquetaires)

“I am not speaking to you, sir”, he said.

“But I am speaking to you!” cried the young man, exasperated by this combination of insolence and good manners, of protocol and disdain.

Greek

Greek uses angled quotation marks (εισαγωγικά – eisagogiká):

«Μιλάει σοβαρά;» ρώτησε την Μαρία.

«Ναι, σίγουρα», αποκρίθηκε.

and the quotation dash (παύλα – pávla):

― Μιλάει σοβαρά; ρώτησε την Μαρία.

― Ναι, σίγουρα, αποκρίθηκε.

which translate to:

"Is he serious?" he asked Maria.

"Yes, certainly", she replied.

Samples	Unicode (decimal)	HTML	Description
«O»	U+00AB (0171), U+00BB (0187)	« »	Greek first level double quotes (εισαγωγικά)
― O	U+2015 (8213)	—	Greek direct quotation em-dash

Hungarian

Samples	Unicode (decimal)	HTML	Description
„O”	U+201E (8222), U+201d (8221)	„ ”	Hungarian first level double quotes (left and right)
»O«	U+00AB (0187), U+00BB (0171)	» «	Hungarian second level double quotes (left and right)
’O’	U+2019 (8217)	’	Hungarian unpaired quotes signifying "meaning"

According to current recommendation by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences the main Hungarian quotation marks are comma-shaped double quotation marks set on the base-line at the beginning of the quote and at apostrophe-height at the end of it for first level, inversed »French quotes« without space (the German tradition) for the second level, so the following nested quotation pattern emerges:

• „Quote »inside« quote”

In Hungarian linguistic tradition the meaning of a word is signified by uniform (unpaired) apostrophe-shaped quotation marks:

• die Biene ’méh’

Quotation dash is also used and is predominant in belletristic literature.

• – Merre jártál? – kérdezte a köpcös.

Polish

Samples	Unicode (decimal)	HTML	Description
‚O’	U+201A (8218), U+2019 (8217)	‚ ’	Polish single quotes (left and right)
„O”	U+201E (8222), U+201d (8221)	„ ”	Polish double quotes (left and right)
― O	U+2015 (8213)	—	Polish direct quotation em-dash
– O	U+2013 (8211)	–	Polish direct quotation en-dash

According to current PN-83/P-55366 standard from 1983, Typesetting rules for composing Polish text (Zasady składania tekstów w języku polskim) one can use either „ordinary Polish quotes” or «French quotes» (without space) for first level, and ‚single Polish quotes’ or «French quotes» for second level, which makes three styles of nested quotes:

1. „Quote ‚inside’ quote”
2. „Quote «inside» quote”
3. «Quote ‚inside’ quote»

There is no space on the internal side of quote marks, with the exception of ¼ firet (~ ¼ em) space between two quotation marks when there are no other characters between them (e.g. ,„ and ’”).

The above rules have not changed since at least the previous BN-76/7440-02 standard from 1976 and are probably much older.

In Polish books and publications, the second style is used almost exclusively. In addition to being standard for second level quotes, French quotes are sometimes used as first level quotes in headings and titles but almost never in ordinary text in paragraphs. The second style is also used in Romanian („Quote «inside» quote”), according to the Romanian Academy rules.

Another style of quoting is to use an em-dash to open a quote; this is used almost exclusively to quote dialogues.

Mag skłonił się. Biały kot śpiący obok paleniska ocknął się nagle i spojrzał na niego badawczo.

— Jak się nazywa ta wieś, panie? — zapytał przybysz. Kowal wzruszył ramionami.

— Głupi Osioł.

— Głupi…?

— Osioł — powtórzył kowal takim tonem, jakby wyzywał gościa, żeby spróbował sobie z niego zażartować. Mag zamyślił się.

— Ta nazwa ma pewnie swoją historię — stwierdził w końcu. — W innych okolicznościach chętnie bym jej wysłuchał. Ale chciałbym porozmawiać z tobą, kowalu, o twoim synu.

The wizard bowed. A white cat that had been sleeping by the furnace woke up and watched him carefully.

“What is the name of this place, sir?” said the wizard.

The blacksmith shrugged.

“Bad ass,” he said.

“Bad—?”

“Ass,” repeated the blacksmith, his tone defying anyone to make something of it.

The wizard considered this.

“A name with a story behind it,” he said at last, “which were circumstances otherwise I would be pleased to hear. But I would like to speak to you, smith, about your son.”

(Terry Pratchett, Equal rites)

An en-dash is sometimes used in place of the em-dash, especially so in newspaper texts.

Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian

In Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, angled quotation marks are used without spaces. In case of quoted material inside a quotation, rules^[23] and most of noted style manuals prescribe the use of different kinds of quotation marks. However, some of them^[24] allow to use the same quotation marks for quoted material inside a quotation, and if inner and outer quotation marks fall together, then one of them should be omitted.

Right:

Пушкин писал Дельвигу: «Жду „Цыганов“ и тотчас тисну».

(Pushkin wrote to Delvig: “Waiting for ‘Gypsies’, and publish at once”.)

Permissible, when it is technically impossible to use different quotation marks:

«Цыганы» мои не продаются вовсе», — сетовал Пушкин.

(“My ‘Gypsies’ are not selling at all”, Pushkin complained.)

But preferable ways in such case are:^{[citation needed]}

• setting the quote as a separate paragraph with indent;
• marking the inner quotation with italics;
• marking the outer quotes with bold or
• using single angled quotation marks (‹ ›) as inner ones (the last method is virtually never found in practice).

Spanish

Spanish uses angled quotation marks (comillas latinas or angulares) as well, but always without the spaces.

«Esto es un ejemplo de cómo se suele hacer una cita literal en español».

“This is an example of how one usually writes a literal quotation in Spanish.”

And, when quotations are nested in more levels than inner and outer quotation, the system is:^[25]

«Antonio me dijo: “Vaya ‘cacharro’ que se ha comprado Julián”».

As in French, the use of English quotation marks is increasing in Spanish, and the El País style guide, which is widely followed in Spain, recommends them.

Chinese, Japanese and Korean quotation marks

Corner brackets are well-suited for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages which are written in both vertical and horizontal orientations. China, South Korea, and Japan all use corner brackets when writing vertically, however usages differ when writing horizontally:

• In Japan, corner brackets are used.
• In South Korea and Mainland China, English-style quotes are used.
• In North Korea, angle quotes are used.
• In the Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau where Traditional Chinese is used, corner brackets are prevalent, but English-style quotes are also used.
• In the Chinese language, double angle brackets are used around titles of books, documents, musical pieces, cinema films, TV programmes, newspapers, magazines, laws, etc. With some exceptions, this usage overlaps italics in English. When nested, single angle brackets are used inside double angle brackets.

White corner brackets are used to mark quote-within-quote segments.

Samples	Unicode (decimal)	Description	Usage
「文字」	U+300C (12300), U+300D (12301)	Corner brackets Traditional Chinese: 單引號 (dān yǐn hào) Simplified Chinese: 单引号 Japanese: 鉤括弧 (kagikakko) Korean: 낫표 (natpyo)	Japanese, Korean, Traditional Chinese
﹁ 文 字 ﹂	U+FE41 (65089), U+FE42 (65090)[26]		For vertical writing: Japanese, Korean, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese
『文字』	U+300E (12302), U+300F (12303)	White corner brackets Traditional Chinese: 雙引號 (shuāng yǐn hào) Simplified Chinese: 双引号 Japanese: 二重鉤括弧 (nijū kagikakko) Korean: 겹낫표 (gyeopnatpyo)	Japanese, Korean (book titles), Traditional Chinese
﹃ 文 字 ﹄	U+FE43 (65091), U+FE44 (65092)[26]		For vertical writing: Japanese, Korean, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese
“한”	U+201C (8220), U+201D (8221)	Double quotes Korean: 큰따옴표 (keunttaompyo), Simplified Chinese: 双引号 (shuāng yǐn hào)	Korean (South Korea), Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese (acceptable but less common, happened in Hong Kong mainly as a result of influence from Mainland China.)
‘한’	U+2018 (8216), U+2019 (8217)	Single quotes Korean: 작은따옴표 (jageunttaompyo), Simplified Chinese: 单引号 (dān yǐn hào)	Korean (South Korea), Simplified Chinese (for quote-within-quote segments)
《한》	U+00AB (171), U+00BB (187)	Double angle quotes Simplified Chinese: 书名号 (shū míng hào) Traditional Chinese: 書名號	Korean (North Korea), Chinese (used for titles of books, documents, musical pieces, cinema films, TV programmes, newspapers, magazines, laws, etc. )

Quotation dash

Another typographical style is to omit quotation marks for lines of dialogue, replacing them with an initial dash:

― Je m’ennuie tellement, dit-elle.

― Cela n’est pas de ma faute, rétorqua-t-il.

“I’m so bored”, she said.

“That’s not my fault”, he retorted.

This style is particularly common in French, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Greek, Russian, Turkish, Bulgarian, and Esperanto. James Joyce always insisted on this style, although his publishers did not always respect his preference. Alan Paton used this style in Cry, the Beloved Country (and no quotation marks at all in some of his later work). Charles Frazier used this style for his novel Cold Mountain as well. Details for individual languages are given above.

The dash is often combined with ordinary quotation marks. For example, in French, a guillemet may be used to initiate running speech, with each change in speaker indicated by a dash, and a closing guillemet to mark the end of the quotation.

Dashes are also used in many modern English novels, especially those written in non-standard dialects. Some examples include:

• James Joyce's prose;
• Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh;
• The Book of Dave by Will Self, which alternates between standard English chapters, with standard quotation marks, and dialect chapters, with quotation dashes;
• A Scanner Darkly by Philip K. Dick (not written in dialect);
• The Van by Roddy Doyle; and
• You Shall Know Our Velocity by Dave Eggers, in which spoken dialogues are written with the typical English quotation marks, but dialogues imagined by the main character (which feature prominently) are written with quotation dashes.

In Italian, Catalan, Portuguese, Spanish, Russian, Polish, Bulgarian, Georgian, Romanian, Lithuanian and Hungarian, a second dash is added, if the main sentence continues after the end of the quote:

― Ай, ай, ай! ― вскрикнул Левин. ― Я ведь, кажется, уже лет девять не говел. Я и не подумал.

― Хорош! ― смеясь, сказал Степан Аркадевич, ― а меня же называешь нигилистом! Однако ведь это нельзя. Тебе надо говеть.

“Oh dear!” exclaimed Levin. “I think it is nine years since I went to communion! I haven’t thought about it.”

“You are a good one!” remarked Oblonsky, laughing. “And you call me a Nihilist! But it won’t do, you know; you must confess and receive the sacrament.”

from Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina (Louise and Aylmer Maude translation)

In Finnish, on the other hand, a second dash is added when the quote continues after a reporting clause:^[27]

— Et sinä ole paljon minkään näköinen, sanoi Korkala melkein surullisesti, — mutta ei auta.

“You don't seem to be anything special,” said Korkala almost sadly, “but there's no help to it.”

— Frakki, älähti Huikari. — Missä on frakki?

— Räätälissä, sanoi Joonas rauhallisesti.

“Tailcoat”, yelped Huikari. “Where is the tailcoat?”

“At the tailor's”, said Joonas calmly.

According to the Unicode standard, U+2015 HORIZONTAL BAR should be used as a quotation dash. In general it is the same length as an em-dash, and so this is often used instead. Both are displayed in the following table.

Samples	Unicode (decimal)	HTML	Description
― O	U+2015 (8213)	―	Quotation dash, also known as horizontal bar
— O	U+2014 (8212)	—	Em-dash, an alternative to the quotation dash

See also

• Unicode
• ISO 8859-1

References

This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which is licensed under the GFDL.

1. ^ http://www.daube.ch/docu/glossary/quotation_marks.html
2. ^ ^{a b} Traditional
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Quotation dash preferred for dialogue
4. ^ ^{a b c} Rare
5. ^ ^{a b c} A closing quotation mark is added to the beginning of each new paragraph.
6. ^ This is only used when text is written vertically.
7. ^ ^{a b} These forms are rotated for use in horizontal text; they were originally written ﹁…﹂ and ﹃…﹄ in vertical text
8. ^ ^{a b c} An opening quotation mark is added to the beginning of each new paragraph.
9. ^ In practice usage may vary, chiefly depending on the native language of the author and publisher.
10. ^ Commission on the Filipino Language (2009) (in Filipino). Gabay sa Ortograpiyang Filipino. Manila: Commission on the Filipino Language. ISBN 978-971-8705-97-1. 
11. ^ This usage is regulated by the standard SFS 4175:2006, “Typing of numbers, marks and signs”. Released by the National standards organization of Finland.
12. ^ First version according to the French Imprimerie nationale. English quotes are more common, though.
13. ^ ^{a b c} In Switzerland the same style is used for all languages.
14. ^ Δημήτρης Ν. Μαρωνίτης, «Το Εγκόλπιο της Ορθής Γραφής» (1998)
15. ^ Source: Διοργανικό εγχειρίδιο σύνταξης κειμένων
16. ^ pp. 141-143, Правопис на македонскиот литературен јазик, Б. Видеоски etal., Просветно Дело-Скопје (2007)
17. ^ Handwriting.
18. ^ Preferred for headings and other texts in larger font sizes
19. ^ May substitute for either the opening or closing mark
20. ^ Source: Bergström, Magnus, & Neves Reis 2004. Prontuário Ortográfico e Guia da Língua Portuguesa. Editorial Notícias, Lisboa
21. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan”, Îndreptar ortografic, ortoepic şi de punctuaţie, ediţia a V-a, Univers Enciclopedic, Bucureşti, 1995
22. ^ [1] Språknämnden, questions and answers (in Swedish)
23. ^ Лев Чешко, ed. (1956), "§200", Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации, Москва: Государственное учебно-педагогическое издательство Министерства Просвещения РСФСР, http://www.rusyaz.ru/pr/pszp.html 
24. ^ Мильчин А.Э.; Чельцова Л.К. (2003), Справочник издателя и автора. Редакционно-издательское оформление издания. (2-е изд., испр. и доп. ed.), Москва: Олма-Пресс, ISBN 5-224-04565-7, http://diamondsteel.ru/useful/handbook/index.html 
25. ^ This system follows the rules laid down in section 5.10 of the orthography guide Ortografía de la lengua española published by the Real Academia Española (RAE).
26. ^ ^{a b} These codes for vertical-writing characters are for presentation forms in the Unicode CJK compatibility forms section. Typical documents use normative character codes which are shown for the horizontal writing in this table, and applications are usually responsible to render correct forms depending on the writing direction used.
27. ^ Itkonen, Terho (1997). Kieliopas. Helsinki: Kirjayhtymä. p. 22. ISBN 951-26-4299-9. 

External links

• Curling Quotes in HTML, SGML, and XML
• French Quotes Typography (Œuvrez les guillemets!) -- in French
• Quotation marks in the Unicode Common Locale Data Repository
• ASCII and Unicode quotation marks – detailed discussion of the ASCII `backquote' problem
• The Gallery Of "Misused" Quotation Marks
• Commonly confused characters
• Smart Quotes