Conrad Black

"Lord Black" redirects here. For Lord Black of Brentwood, see Guy Black.

"Baron Black" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Black Baron (disambiguation).

The Right Honourable The Lord Black of Crossharbour PC OC KCSG
Mug shot of Lord Black in 2005.
Born	August 25, 1944 (1944-08-25) (age 67) Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Residence	Toronto, Ontario, Canada London, England
Nationality	Canadian (1944–2001) British (1999–present)
Education	Carleton University, (B.A.) Université Laval (LL.L.) McGill University (M.A.)
Occupation	former newspaper publisher, author, columnist, investor
Home town	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Net worth	$80 million (2011) [1]
Religion	Catholic
Spouse	Joanna Hishon (1978–1992) Barbara Amiel, Lady Black (1992–present)
Children	2 sons, 1 daughter
Parents	George Montegu Black II, Jean Elizabeth Riley

Conrad Moffat Black, Baron Black of Crossharbour, OC, KCSG, PC (born August 25, 1944) is a Canadian-born member of the British House of Lords, and a historian, columnist and publisher, who was for a time the third largest newspaper magnate in the world.^[2] Lord Black controlled Hollinger International, Inc. Through affiliates, the company published major newspapers including The Daily Telegraph (UK), Chicago Sun Times (U.S.), Jerusalem Post (Israel), National Post (Canada), and hundreds of community newspapers in North America.

He was convicted of fraud in a US court in 2007 and sentenced to six and a half years' imprisonment. On July 19, 2010 Black was granted bail. The U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals overturned two of the three remaining mail fraud counts in October of that year.^[3] On June 24, 2011 he was resentenced on one remaining count of mail fraud and one count of obstruction of justice to a prison term of 42 months and a fine of $125,000 (USD). As the 29 months Black has served is included in this sentence, he returned to prison on September 6, 2011,^[4] to serve his remaining term of thirteen months.^[5]

Early life and family

Black was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, to a wealthy family originally from Winnipeg, Manitoba. His father, George Montegu Black, Jr., C.A., was the president of Canadian Breweries Limited, an international brewing conglomerate that had earlier absorbed Winnipeg Breweries (founded by George Black Sr.). Conrad Black's mother was the former Jean Elizabeth Riley, a daughter of Conrad Stephenson Riley, whose father founded the Great-West Life Assurance Company, and a great-granddaughter of an early co-owner of the Daily Telegraph.

Biographer George Toombs said of Black's motivations: "he was born into a very large family of athletic, handsome people. He wasn't particularly athletic or handsome like they were, so he developed a different skill – wordplay, which he practised a lot with his father."^[6]

Education

Black was first educated at Upper Canada College (UCC), during which time, at age 8, he invested his life savings of $60 in one share of General Motors.^[7] Six years later, according to Tom Bower's biography Dancing on the Edge,^[8] he was expelled from UCC for selling stolen exam papers. He then attended Trinity College School where he lasted less than a year, being expelled for insubordinate behaviour. Black eventually graduated from a small, now defunct, private school in Toronto called Thornton Hall, continuing on to post-secondary education at Carleton University (History, 1965). For a time, he attended Toronto's Osgoode Hall Law School of York University; however, his studies ended after he failed his first year exams.^[8] He completed a law degree at Université Laval (Law, 1970), and in 1973 completed a Master of Arts degree in history at McGill University.^[9] Black's thesis, later published as a biography, was on Quebec premier Maurice Duplessis.

Marriages

Black's first marriage was in 1978 to Joanna Hishon of Montreal, who worked as a secretary in his brother Montegu's brokerage office. The couple had two sons and a daughter.^[10] The couple separated in 1991. Their divorce was finalized in 1992; the same year Black married Watford-born journalist Barbara Amiel. Black flattered Amiel, describing her variously as "beautiful, brilliant, ideologically a robust spirit" and "chic, humorous and preternaturally sexy". Courtroom evidence revealed that the couple exchanged over 11,000 emails.^[6]

Religion

"My family," Black wrote in 2009, "was divided between atheism and agnosticism, and I followed rather unthinkingly and inactively in those paths into my 20s." By his early 30s, however, he "no longer had any confidence in the non-existence of God." Thereafter, he "approached Rome at a snail's pace," and was finally received into the Catholic Church on June 18, 1986.^[11]

Career

Black became involved in a number of businesses, mainly publishing newspapers, and briefly in mining. In 1966, Black bought his first newspaper, the Eastern Townships Advertiser in Quebec. Following the foundation, as an investment vehicle, of the Ravelston Corporation by the Black family in 1969, Black, together with friends David Radler and Peter G. White, purchased and operated the Sherbrooke Record, the small English language daily in Sherbrooke, Quebec. In 1971, the three formed Sterling Newspapers Limited, a holding company that would acquire several other small Canadian regional newspapers.

Corporate ownership through holding companies

George Black died in June 1976, leaving Conrad Black and his older brother, Montegu, a 22.4% stake in Ravelston Corporation, which by then owned 61% voting control of Argus Corporation, an influential holding company in Canada. Argus controlled large stakes in 7 major Canadian corporations, Labrador Mining, Noranda Mines, Hollinger Mines, Standard Broadcasting, Dominion Stores, Domtar and Massey-Ferguson.^[12]

Through his father's holdings in Ravelston, Black gained early association with two of Canada's most prominent businessmen: Bud McDougald and E. P. Taylor, president and founder of Argus, respectively. Following McDougald's death in 1978, Black paid $30-million to take control of Ravelston and thereby, control of Toronto-based Argus. This controversial arrangement resulted in accusations that Black had taken advantage of the aging widows of Ravelston Directors McDougald and Eric Phillips. Other observers admired Black for marshalling enough investor support to win control without committing a large block of personal assets.^[12]

Some of the Argus assets were already troubled, others did not fit Black's long term vision. Black resigned as Chairman of Massey Ferguson company in 1979, after which Argus donated its shares to the employee's pension funds (both salaried and union.^[13]) Hollinger Mines was then turned into a holding company that initially focused on resource businesses.^[12]

In 1981 Norcen Energy, one of his companies, acquired a minority position in Ohio-based Hanna Mining Co. A filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission stated that Norcen took "an investment position" in Hanna. However, the filing failed to disclose that Norcen's board planned to seek majority control. Black subsequently was charged by the SEC with filing misleading public statements, charges that were later withdrawn by "consent decree" after Black and Norcen agreed not to break securities laws in the future.

Dominion pension dispute

In 1984, Black withdrew over $56 million from the Dominion workers' pension plan surplus without consulting plan members. The firm said it considered the surplus the rightful property of the employer (Dominion Stores Ltd.). The Dominion Union complained, a public outcry ensued, and the case went to court. The Supreme Court of Ontario eventually ruled against the company, and ordered the company to return the money to the pension fund, claiming that though the most recent language in the plan suggested the employer had ownership of the surplus, the original intention was to keep the surplus in the plan to increase members' benefits.^[14]

Industrial holdings shifted to publishing

Over time, Black focused formerly diverse activities of his companies on newspaper publishing. Argus Corporation, once Canada's most important conglomerate, divested itself of interests in manufacturing, mining, retailing, banking and broadcasting. Canadian writer John Ralston Saul argued in 2008, "Lord Black was never a real "capitalist" because he never created wealth, only dismantled wealth. His career has been largely about stripping corporations. Destroying them."^[15]

Growth and divestment of press holdings

In 1985, Andrew Knight, then editor of The Economist, asked Black to invest in the ailing Telegraph Group. By this investment, Black made his first entry into British press ownership. Five years later, he bought the Jerusalem Post, and by 1990, his companies ran over 400 newspaper titles in North America, the majority of them small community papers.

Hollinger bought a minority stake in the Southam newspaper chain in 1993 and acquired the Chicago Sun Times in 1994. Hollinger International shares were listed on New York Stock Exchange in 1996, at which time the company boosted its stake in Southam to a control position. Becoming a public company trading in the U.S. has been called "a fateful move, exposing Black's empire to America's more rigorous regulatory regime and its more aggressive institutional shareholders."^[13]

Under Black, Hollinger launched the National Post in Toronto in 1998. From 1999 to 2000 Hollinger International sold several newspapers in five deals worth a total of US$679-million, a total that included millions of dollars in "non-compete agreements" for Hollinger insiders. Later in the year, Hollinger International announced the sale of thirteen major Canadian newspapers, 126 community newspapers, internet properties and half of the National Post to CanWest Global Communications Corp. Hollinger International sold the rest of the National Post to CanWest in the summer of 2001.

Lifestyle

Born to a rich family, Black acquired the family home and 7 acres (28,000 m²) of land in Toronto's exclusive Bridle Path neighbourhood after his father's death in 1976. Black and first wife Joanna Hishon maintained homes in Palm Beach, Toronto and London. After he married Barbara Amiel, he acquired a luxury Park Avenue apartment in New York. When sold in 2005, the U.S. Department of Justice seized net proceeds of $8.5 million, pending resolution of court actions.^[16] His London townhouse in the Kensington district sold in 2005 for about US$25 million.^[17] Black's Palm Beach mansion was listed for sale in 2004 at $36 million. In late April of 2011 this Florida property was also sold by Black for approximately $30 million (USD).^[18]

According to biographer Tom Bower, "They flaunted their wealth."^[8] Black's critics, including former Daily Telegraph editor Charles Moore, suggested it was Black's second wife, Amiel, who pushed him towards a life of opulence, citing extravagant expenditures such as items billed to Hollinger expenses that included $2,463 (£1,272) on handbags, $2,785 in opera tickets, and $140 for Amiel's "jogging attire."^[6]

Black was ranked 238th wealthiest in Britain by the Sunday Times Rich List 2003,^[19] with an estimated wealth of £136m. He was dropped from the 2004 list.^[20]

Black is a former Steering Committee member of the Bilderberg Group.^[21]

Criminal fraud conviction and Supreme Court review

Main article: United States v. Conrad Black

Conrad Moffat Black
Charge(s)	mail fraud, obstruction of justice
Penalty	Sentenced to 6½ years imprisonment. Reduced to 42 months following appeal and resentencing.
Status	Served 29 months before being granted bail pending a Supreme Court ordered review of his case.[22] Reported to the Federal Correctional Institution, Miami on September 6, 2011[4] to serve an additional 13 months as a result of re-sentencing.[5]

Black was convicted in U.S. District Court in Chicago on July 13, 2007 and sentenced to serve 78 months in federal prison, pay Hollinger $6.1 million, in addition to a fine of $125,000.

Black was found guilty of diverting funds for personal benefit from money due Hollinger International when the company sold certain publishing assets and of other irregularities. For example, in 2000, in an illegal and surreptitious arrangement that came to be known as the "Lerner Exchange," Black acquired Chicago's Lerner Newspapers and sold it to Hollinger.^[23] He also was found guilty of obstruction of justice.^[24]

The Supreme Court of the United States heard an appeal of his case on December 8, 2009^[25] and rendered a decision in June 2010. Black's application for bail was rejected by both the Supreme Court and the U.S. District Court judge who sentenced him.^[26]

On June 24, 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 9-0 that the definition of "honest services" fraud used in the trial judge's charge to the jury in Black's case was too broad and ordered the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals in Chicago to review three fraud convictions against Black in light of the Supreme Court's new definition. The appeals court will review Black's case and determine whether his fraud convictions will stand or if there should be a new trial.^[27] The jailed former media baron's obstruction-of-justice conviction, for which he is serving a concurrent 6½-year sentence, remains in place.^[28] Black's lawyers filed an application for bail pending the appeals court's review.^[27] Prosecutors contested Black's bail request, arguing in court papers that Black's trial jury had proof that Black committed fraud.^[29] He was granted bail on July 19, 2010, by the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals and would be released on a $2 million unsecured bond put up by conservative philanthropist Roger Hertog.^[30] Black has been released from custody and has been ordered to remain on bail in the continental United States until at least August 16, when his bail hearing was to resume,^{[3][30][31][32]} and the date by which Black and the prosecution were ordered by the Court of Appeals to submit written arguments for that court's review of his case.^[33][34]

Until July 21, 2010,^[30] Black, Federal Bureau of Prisons #18330-424, was incarcerated at Federal Correctional Institution Low, Coleman,^[35] a part of the Coleman Federal Correctional Complex^[36][37] Prior to being granted bail, his scheduled release date was October 30, 2013.^[35]

Following his release, coincidentally on his 18th wedding anniversary, Black wrote a column for Canada's The National Post on his time in prison. Black described America's inmates as an "ostracized, voiceless legion of the walking dead."^[38] Black was to appear once again in a Chicago court on August 16 to provide full and detailed financial information to the judge, after which she would consider his request to be allowed to return to Canada while on bail.^[39] In spite of his professed desire to return to his former home in Canada, Black's legal representatives advised the court that they would not provide the requisite accounting and would thus not be interested in petitioning the court further on the matter. Although many have cited this refusal to disclose as more deception on the part of Black, it is possible that the voluminous amounts of information that would have been required for complete disclosure could not be compiled in time or would have been used to further incriminate Black in later proceedings, a potential violation of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. He was, however, under no compulsion to make this disclosure, as he had initiated the appeal for a bail variation of his own volition. His next court appearance, where he might reapply for permission to return to Canada, was set for September 20, 2010.^[40]

On October 28, 2010, the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals overturned two of the three remaining mail fraud counts. It left Black convicted of one count of mail fraud and one count of obstruction of justice. The court also ruled that he must be resentenced.^[41] On December 17, 2010, Black lost an appeal of his remaining convictions for fraud and obstruction of justice. The three-person panel did not provide reasons. On May 31, 2011, the Supreme Court of the United States refused to grant Black leave to appeal his two remaining convictions without any comment.^[42]

The resentencing on the two remaining counts by the original trial judge occurred on June 24, 2011.^[43] Black's lawyers recommended that he be sentenced to the 29 months he had already served while the prosecution argued for Black to complete his original 6½ year sentence. The probation officer's report recommended a sentence of between 33 and 41 months.^[44] At the hearing, Judge St. Eve resentenced Black to a reduced term of 42 months and a fine of $125,000, returning him to prison on September 6, 2011^[4] to serve the remaining 13 months of his sentence.^[5]

On June 30, 2011, Black published an article for the National Review Online that provided his scathing view of the legal case, detailing it as a miscarriage of justice and an "unaccountable and often lawless prosecution."^[45]

Seth Lipsky, in an opinion piece for the Wall Street Journal that ran on June 28, 2011, called the verdict against Black "head-scratching," noting that Black was found not guilty of the most serious charges brought against him and "the jury convicted him of a count of obstruction, for obeying an eviction notice by Hollinger to remove from his former office in Toronto boxes of papers and personal effects that he hadn't been informed were under seal. Prosecutors claimed that, out of 13 boxes, a single document was relevant to the investigation. It was a copy of a non-compete agreement that Black had previously turned over to the investigators." Lipsky also raised the issue of why Black was denied a retrial by jury as to whether he had committed pecuniary fraud after the Supreme Court unanimously found that Judge St. Eve's instructions to the jury were "incorrect," which led to two of the three fraud counts ultimately being vacated. In the end, the fraud conviction was allowed to stand and the count of obstruction: "The fraud Black stood guilty of involved a gain to him of but $285,000. He has made restitution of $32 million. He has been forced to stand aside while his business empire was reduced to rubble and $250 million or so of his own equity destroyed. And he has incurred tens of millions of dollars in legal fees... even some of his critics are wondering why the prosecutors engaged in the conduct they did."^[46]

Black did not return to his former location of Coleman Federal Correctional Facility because two female guards at Coleman reported they feared for their safety if Black returned. Instead, he reported on September 6, 2011 to the Federal Correctional Institution, Miami.^[47]

Peerage controversy and citizenship

Main article: Black v. Chrétien

Upon the advice of British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Queen Elizabeth II conferred in 2001 the dignity of a life peerage to Black with the name, style and title of Baron Black of Crossharbour, of Crossharbour in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.^[48] Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, gave the conflicting advice that a Canadian citizen should not receive a titular honour, citing the 1919 Nickle Resolution. Black at the time held both Canadian and British citizenship. As a result of the dispute, Black renounced his Canadian citizenship in 2001, remaining a citizen of the UK. He has applied to have his Canadian citizenship returned to him, but as of June 2011 this has not been granted. Some^[who?] argue the motive for this is solely so that he may attempt to serve out a portion of his sentence in Canada rather than the US. Another view is that it would simply allow him to more easily cross the border into Canada, as his conviction in the US is sufficiently serious that he is considered inadmissible.^[49]

Order of Canada

Black was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada (OC) in 1990. In September 2011, after Black returned to prison due to the failure of his appeal, Rideau Hall confirmed that Black's award was under review by the Advisory Council of the Order of Canada which has the power to recommend “the termination of a person's appointment to the Order of Canada if the person has been convicted of a criminal offence.”^[50]

Books and other publications

Black has written an autobiography and three substantial biographies of controversial twentieth-century figures.

• Duplessis:^[51] Black re-worked his 1973 Master's thesis on Maurice Duplessis into a rehabilatory biographical re-examination of the controversial long-serving Quebec premier, published in 1977.

• A Life in Progress:^[52] An autobiography, published in 1993.

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Champion of Freedom:^[53] While Black was CEO of Hollinger International, the company spent millions of dollars purchasing collections of private papers of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[54] Black subsequently completed a 1,280-page biography, in 2003.^[55]

• What Might Have Been:^[56] A 2004 essay of speculative history depicting the latter half of the 20th century as it may have unfolded had Japan not bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941, edited by Andrew Roberts.

• Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full:^[57] Continuing in the vein of Duplessis, Black's 1,152-page 2007 biography of Richard Nixon sought to rehabilitate the former U.S. President's legacy. This approach was criticized by some reviewers, who felt that it attempted to exculpate Nixon of some negative aspects of his time in office.^[58]

• Black continues to contribute regular features to the National Post, the newspaper he founded in 1998 and sold in 2001. In an article there, Black indicated that his next book will describe how his business empire was destroyed while court-protected managers enriched themselves and eradicated shareholder value. He says, "The judiciary and regulators in both countries are complicit in these events. They will have much to answer for. This is the real story, and I will publish it soon." ^[59]

• In the November 2008 issue of Spear's magazine, Black wrote a diary piece from jail,^[60] detailing 'the putrification of the US justice system' and how 'the bloom is off my long-notorious affection for America'.

• On March 5, 2009, Black contributed a piece to the online version of the conservative magazine National Review (NRO). Called 'Roosevelt and the Revisionists' and based on his earlier biography of Roosevelt, it argued that FDR's New Deal was intended to save capitalism, and so deserved conservative support. In her March 9 critique of this piece on NRO, author Amity Shlaes observed, "I will be co-hosting, with Dean Thomas Cooley of NYU/Stern, a Second Look conference on March 30 to permit scholars to present the multiple studies that suggest the New Deal and Great Depression are worth taking a look at from every angle. The great shame here is that Conrad would have added much to this event, and yet he cannot attend."

Biographies and portrayal in popular culture

• The documentary film Citizen Black, which premiered at the 2004 Montreal and Cambridge film festivals, traces Black's life and filmmaker Debbie Melnyk's attempts in 2003 to interview Black, and her eventual interview.^[61] US prosecutors subpoenaed unused footage of a 2003 shareholders meeting for use in Black's trial.^[62]
• Canadian actor Albert Schultz portrayed Black in the 2006 CTV movie Shades of Black.
• Tom Bower's biography Conrad and Lady Black: Dancing on the Edge (ISBN 0007232349) was published in 2006 by Harper Collins. It was republished in August 2007 with an additional chapter reporting on the trial and its outcomes.
• There is talk of two dramas based on his life: one from Tom Bower and Andrew Lloyd Webber and another from Alistair Beaton.^[63]
• The last authorized portrait busts of Conrad Black and Barbara Amiel were created between 2001–2002 by Canadian sculptor Dr. Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook and arranged by noted Canadian artist Christian Cardell Corbet who himself also created a portrait of Black.
• A book "Robber Baron: Lord Black of Crossharbour" was published in 2007 by ECW press and written by George Tombs. ISBN 978-1-55022-806-9

References

1. ^ " Vanity Fair, October, 2011
2. ^ BBC News "Conrad Black: Where did it all go wrong" February 27, 2004
3. ^ ^{a b} "Conrad Black granted bail", Toronto Star, July 19, 2010
4. ^ ^{a b c} "Conrad Black to report back to prison in September", Globe and Mail, July 11, 2011
5. ^ ^{a b c} "Black sent back to jail for 13 months", Globe and Mail, June 24, 2011
6. ^ ^{a b c} Clark, Andrew: "At some level, he's still asking the same question as he was when he was seven or eight – who am I?" The Guardian, March 16, 2007
7. ^ Time Magazine: "Headline Maker"
8. ^ ^{a b c} Bower, Tom: Conrad & Lady Black – Dancing on the Edge (London: HarperPress, 2006),
9. ^ CBC News: "Conrad Black: Timeline" Updated June 5, 2008
10. ^ http://thepeerage.com/
11. ^ Black, Conrad. "How I woke up from spiritual slumber and inched at a snail's pace to Rome", The Catholic Herald, 11 September 2009.
12. ^ ^{a b c} Francis, D. (1986). Controlling Interest – Who Owns Canada. Macmillan of Canada. ISBN 0-7715-9744-4.
13. ^ ^{a b} Olive, David "A Conrad Black timeline", Toronto Star, March 11, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
14. ^ "Canadian Labour Congress: Dominion Food Stores". Adjustment.ca. http://www.adjustment.ca/example.shtml?x=96. Retrieved 2010-06-18. 
15. ^ Gessell, Paul "Saul's Ottawa 'Truths'" The Ottawa Citizen, September 18, 2008
16. ^ U.S.D.O.J. "Press Release" December 15, 2005
17. ^ Timmons, Heather: "Conrad Black sells London townhouse" International Herald Tribune, May 20, 2005
18. ^ CBC News: "Conrad Black charged . . . " cbcnews.ca November 17, 2005
19. ^ "The Sunday Times Rich List 2003". London: Timesonline.co.uk. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/richlist/resultSearch/0,,2003-1-0-BLACK--,00.html. Retrieved 2010-06-18. 
20. ^ "The Sunday Times Rich List 2004". London: Timesonline.co.uk. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/richlist/fullSearch/0,,2004-1-0,00.html. Retrieved 2010-06-18. 
21. ^ http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/former-steering-committee-members.html
22. ^ http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Canada/20100719/conrad-black-bail-100719/
23. ^ "Hollinger International Inc – 8-K – EX-99.2". SEC Info. 2004-08-30. http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.1A52.c.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-17. 
24. ^ BBC News Business: "Conrad Black convicted of fraud" July 13, 2007
25. ^ McQuillen, William. "Conrad Black: Conviction Questioned by High Court", Bloomberg.com, December 8, 2009.
26. ^ "Conrad Black denied bail", Toronto Star, July 15, 2009.
27. ^ ^{a b} "Conrad Black seeks bail", Globe and Mail, July 7, 2010
28. ^ Conrad Black Fraud Convictions Set Aside
29. ^ "Conrad Black sued for $71 million in back taxes", Toronto Star, July 15, 2010
30. ^ ^{a b c} "Black to be released but can't come to Canada", Toronto Star, July 21, 2010
31. ^ "Court clears Black for release", Globe and Mail, July 22, 2010
32. ^ "Black can't return to Canada yet", Globe and Mail, July 23, 2010
33. ^ "Court to hear Conrad Black case Aug. 16", Vancouver Sun, July 26, 2010
34. ^ "Conrad Black likely stuck in the U.S.", CTV News, July 27, 2010
35. ^ ^{a b} "Conrad Black." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on January 6, 2010.
36. ^ Agence France-Presse January 26, 2009 (2009-01-26). ""Eight injured in riot at Conrad Black's Prison" Agence France-Presse, January 9, 2009". Canada.com. http://www.canada.com/news/Eight+injured+riot+Conrad+Black+prison/1218912/story.html. Retrieved 2010-06-18. 
37. ^ Joyce, Julian. "Black times ahead for fallen peer." BBC. Tuesday March 4, 2008. Retrieved on January 6, 2010.
38. ^ [1]
39. ^ "Black 'enlightened' by prison time". CBC News. Retrieved July 31, 2010
40. ^ [2]
41. ^ http://financialpostbusiness.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/black-cta7-remand.pdf
42. ^ "U.S. Supreme Court rejects Conrad Black’s appeal", Globe and Mail, May 31, 2011
43. ^ "Conrad Black sentencing set for June 24", Chicago Sun-Times, January 13, 2011
44. ^ "Will Conrad Black go back to jail?", Globe and Mail, June 23, 2011
45. ^ Conrad Black, "I stand before the court," National Review Online June 30, 2011.
46. ^ Seth Lipsky, "A head-scratching verdict against Conrad Black," The Wall Street Journal June 28, 2011.
47. ^ "Black won’t return to Florida prison". Toronto Star. September 2, 2011. http://www.thestar.com/news/article/1048263--black-won-t-return-to-florida-prison?bn=1. Retrieved September 15, 2011. 
48. ^ London Gazette: no. 56379. p. 12995. 5 November 2001.
49. ^ http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2010/07/24/david-frum-lord-conrad-black-of-canada/
50. ^ Campion-Smith, Bruce (September 14, 2011). "Conrad Black could be stripped of Order of Canada". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1054001--conrad-black-could-be-stripped-of-order-of-canada?bn=1. Retrieved September 15, 2011. 
51. ^ ISBN 0-7710-1530-5
52. ^ ISBN 9781550135206
53. ^ ISBN 978-1586481841
54. ^ [click here]. "Fine Books & Collections Magazine". Finebooksmagazine.com. http://www.finebooksmagazine.com/issue/0206/hollinger_chronicles.phtml. Retrieved 2010-06-18. 
55. ^ Janeway, Michael (2003-12-21). "The Lord of Springwood". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CEFDB173CF932A15751C1A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2. Retrieved 2010-06-18. 
56. ^ ISBN 978-0753818732
57. ^ ISBN 978-1586485191
58. ^ "''Books Briefly Noted'', New Yorker: 10 November 2007". Newyorker.com. 2009-01-07. http://www.newyorker.com/arts/reviews/brieflynoted/2007/12/10/071210crbn_brieflynoted3. Retrieved 2010-06-18. 
59. ^ Nationalpost.com
60. ^ Black, Conrad. "Jail Diary", Spear's, November 2008.
61. ^ "DeWolf Smith, Nancy; ''The Wall Street Journal: ''"Citizen Black": An entertaining documentary''; February 17, 2006". Post-gazette.com. 2006-02-17. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06048/657103.stm. Retrieved 2010-06-18. 
62. ^ Business, MARY WISNIEWSKI (2006-11-23). "Wisniewski, Mary; ''Chicago Sun Times'': Prosecutors to see 'Citizen Black' footage; November 23, 2006". Suntimes.com. http://www.suntimes.com/business/hollinger/147128,CST-FIN-black23.article. Retrieved 2010-06-18. 
63. ^ "Pendennis: Oliver Marre". The Guardian (London). http://observer.guardian.co.uk/7days/story/0,,2180308,00.html. Retrieved April 30, 2010. 

External links

Biography portal

• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Conrad Black at the Internet Movie Database
• Works by or about Conrad Black in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Conrad Black collected news and commentary at The Guardian
• Conrad Black collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post
• Conrad Black collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• SEC – Breeden Report Complete 512-page copy of the Report of Investigation by the Special Committee of the Board of Directors of Hollinger International Inc.*The United States vs. Conrad Black collected coverage in Macleans.ca*The United States vs. Conrad Black collected coverage in Macleans.ca
• Lord Black of Crossharbour: The Life and Times of Conrad Black, CBC.ca, documentary originally aired 24 March 2005
• "Conrad Black's apologia for Richard Nixon": a review in the TLS by Anthony Holden, August 8, 2007
• Conrad Black profile from RightWeb
• Conrad Black at IdeaCity on CITY-TV
• A Conrad Black timeline, thestar.com, May 11, 2007
• Links to Appeal Court Oral Arguments (mp3) and Opinion (pdf)
• Conrad Black's full-length jail diary
• From my cell I scent the reeking soul of US justice
• An interview with Conrad Black from Coleman Federal Correction Complex, May 2010