Operation Nachshon

Map of the theatre of the operation.

Telegraph dated April 5, 1948, confirming the beginning of Operation Nachshon that same night (Israel Defense Forces - IDF, Archives)

Operation Nachshon (Hebrew: מבצע נחשון‎, Mivtza Nahshon) was an Jewish military operation during the 1948 war. Lasting from 5–20 April 1948, its objective was to break the Siege of Jerusalem by opening the Tel-Aviv - Jerusalem road blockaded by Palestinian Arabs and to supply food and weapons to the isolated Jewish community of Jerusalem.

Nachshon was the first major Haganah operation and the first step of Plan Dalet whose aim was to conquer the area allotted to the Jews by the 1947 UN Partition Plan. The operation was carried out by the Givati and Harel Brigades.

Background

By the end of March 1948, Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni's troops were preventing supply convoys from reaching Jerusalem. The city was besieged and the Jewish population was forced to adhere to a rationing system. On 31 March a 60 vehicle Jewish convoy was ambushed at Hulda and forced to turn back with the loss of five vehicles and 17 dead.^[1][2] Yishuv leader David Ben-Gurion decided to launch Nachshon in order to open up the city and provide supplies to the Jewish residents.^[3] Although initially intended as a one-shot affair, Nachshon later proved to be the first operation in the implementation of Plan Dalet.^[4]

The operation

The operation was named after the Biblical figure Nachshon Ben Aminadav, who was the first to wade into the Red Sea when the Hebrews escaped from slavery in Egypt. The operation was commanded by Shimon Avidan.^[4]

The first orders were given on 2 April 1948.^[5] A telegraph confirming the beginning of the operation, was released on 5 April, with the operation starting that same night. It lasted until 20 April.^[6] 1,500 men from the Givati and Harel brigades took control of the road to Jerusalem,^[7] allowing three of four convoys to get to the city.^[8]

The operation was a military success. All the Arab villages that blocked the route were either taken or destroyed, and the Jewish forces were victorious in all their engagements. Nonetheless, not all the objectives of the operation were achieved, as only 1,800 tonnes of the 3,000 envisaged were transported to the town, and two months of severe rationing had to be assumed.^[9]

Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni was killed during the night of 7–8 April, in the middle of the battles taking place in Al-Qastal. The loss of the charismatic Palestinian leader 'disrupted the Arab strategy and organisation in the area of Jerusalem.'^[10] His successor, Emil Ghuri, changed tactics: instead of provoking a series of ambushes throughout the route, he had a huge road block erected at Bab-el-Oued, and Jerusalem was once again isolated as a consequence.^[11]

Aftermath

Operation Nachshon exposed the poor military organisation of the Palestinian paramilitary groups. Due to lack of logistics, particularly food and ammunition, they were incapable of maintaining engagements that were more than a few hours away from their permanent bases.^[12]

Faced with these events, the Arab Higher Committee asked Alan Cunningham to allow the return of the Mufti, the only person capable of redressing the situation. Despite obtaining permission, the Mufti did not get to Jerusalem. His declining prestige cleared the way for the expansion of the influence of the Arab Liberation Army and of Fawzi al-Qawuqji in the Jerusalem area.^[12]

Between 15 and 20 April, three convoys, totalling over 700 lorries were able to reach Jewish Jerusalem.^[13] The Arabs, however, managed to block the road immediately thereafter.^[14] Operation Nachshon was therefore followed by Operation Harel, and immediately thereafter Operation Yevusi. Further operations in the Jerusalem region, Operation Maccabi and Operation Kilshon, took place in May.

Palestinian communities captured during Operation Nachshon

Name	Date	Defending forces	Brigade	Population
al-Qastal	3–9 April 1948	Palestinian irregulars	Palmach	90
Dayr Muhaysin	6 April 1948	n/a	n/a - 'with ease'	460
Khulda	6 April 1948	n/a	Haganah Battalion 'without fighting'	280
Saydun	6 April 1948	n/a	n/a	460
Dayr Yasin	9 April 1948	villagers	Irgun, Lehi	610
Qalunya	11 April 1948	n/a	Palmach	1,260 (including 350 Jews)
Bayt Naqquba	11 April 1948	n/a	Palmach, Haganah	240
Saris	13 April 1948	n/a	Haganah	560
Khirbat Bayt Far	1st half of April 1948	n/a	Haganah	300
Dayr Ayyub	1st half of April 1948 recaptured twice afterwards	n/a	n/a	320
Wadi Hunayn	17 April 1948	n/a	Givati Brigade	3,380 including 1,760 Jews
Bayt Thul	n/a	n/a	n/a	260

Sources:
Walid Khalidi, All That Remains, ISBN 0 88728 224 5.
Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947–1949,ISBN 0 521 33028 9.

References

Notes

1. ^ Joseph, Dov. The Faithful City. The Siege of Jerusalem, 1948." Simon and Schuster, 1960. Congress # 60 10976. Page 98.
2. ^ The Times, 1 & 2 April 1948.
3. ^ Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971), p.369
4. ^ ^{a b} Morris 2008, p. 116
5. ^ orders to diversion attacks arose on April 2, Including Qastel
6. ^ Benny Morris (2003), p.234.
7. ^ Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971), p.372
8. ^ Benny Morris (2003), p.236 speaks of 3 resupply convoys but Lapierre and Collins (Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971), p.456) speak of a fourth convoy of 300 lorries that left Kfar Biou on the dawn of the 20th April
9. ^ Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971), p.457
10. ^ Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971), p.455
11. ^ Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971), p.456
12. ^ ^{a b} Yoav Gelber (2006), p.89
13. ^ Joseph, pages 100,101.
14. ^ Benny Morris, 1948 (2008), p.121

Bibliography

• Yoav Gelber, Palestine 1948, Sussex Academic Press, Brighton, 2006, ISBN 1845190750
• Efraïm Karsh, The Arab-Israeli Conflict - The Palestine War 1948, Osprey Publishing, 2002, ISBN 1841763721
• Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins, O Jérusalem, Robert Laffont, 1971, ISBN 2266106988
• Benny Morris, The Birth Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0521009677
• Benny Morris, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009
• Morris, Benny (2008). 1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war. Yale University Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ. 

See also

• 1948 Arab-Israeli War
• Burma Road (Israel)