Eišiškės

Infobox Settlement
name = Eišiškės
settlement_type= City
nickname =
pushpin_

pushpin_label_position =
pushpin_map_caption =Location of Eišiškės
image_shield = Eisiskes COA.gif
latd=54|latm=10|lats=|latNS=N|longd=25|longm=00|longs=|longEW=E
subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_name = LTU
subdivision_type1=Ethnographic region
subdivision_name1=Dzūkija
subdivision_type2=County
subdivision_name2=Vilnius County
subdivision_type3=Municipality
subdivision_name3=Šalčininkai district municipality
subdivision_type4=Eldership
subdivision_name4= Eišiškės eldership
subdivision_type6=Capital of
subdivision_name6= Eišiškės eldership
established_date = 1384
established_title=First mentioned
established_date2= 1950
established_title2=Granted city rights
population_total = 3765
population_footnotes=
population_as_of = 2001
timezone=EET
utc_offset=+2
timezone_DST=EEST
utc_offset_DST=+3

Eišiškės (pronunciation|Eisiskes.ogg; _pl. Ejszyszki also "Eishyshok") is a city in southeastern Lithuania on the border with Belarus. It is situated on a small group of hills, surrounded by marshy valley of Verseka and Dumblė Rivers. Rivers divide the town into two parts; the northern part is called Jurzdika. As of January 2008, Eišiškės had a population of 3,610. [cite web| url=http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?MainTable=M3010210&PLanguage=1&PXSId=0&ShowNews=OFF |title=M3010210: Population at the beginning of the year by town / city |publisher=Statistics Lithuania |accessdate=2008-09-03] It has a small hospital and two high schools (one for Polish and another for Lithuanian students).

History

Eišiškės is mentioned for the first time in the Treaty of Königsberg (1384) between Vytautas the Great and the Teutonic Knights. [lt icon cite book | last=Semaška | first=Algimantas | title=Kelionių vadovas po Lietuvą: 1000 lankytinų vietovių norintiems geriau pažinti gimtąjį kraštą | edition=4th ed. | year=2006 | publisher=Algimantas | location=Vilnius | isbn=9986-506-90-4 | pages=266] According to the Lithuanian Chronicles, the town was named after Eikšys, possibly one of the sons of Karijotas. [lt icon cite encyclopedia | first=Mečislovas | last=Jučas | editor=Vytautas Spečiūnas | encyclopedia=Lietuvos valdovai (XIII-XVIII a.): enciklopedinis žinynas | title=Karijotas | year=2004 | publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas | location=Vilnius | id=ISBN 5-420-01535-8 | pages=45] East of the town there is a castle site, dating back from the 14th–15th centuries. Historian Ignas Jonynas argued that Anna, Grand Duchess of Lithuania and wife of Vytautas the Great was a sister of Sudimantas,lt icon cite book| chapter=Vytauto šeimyna |title=Istorijos baruose | first=Ignas |last=Jonynas | publisher=Mokslas | location=Vilnius |year=1984 |origyear=1932 | id=LCC|84212910 |pages=59] a nobleman from Eišiškės and commander of Vytautas' army. [cite encyclopedia | editor=Simas Sužiedėlis | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Lituanica | title=Anne | year=1970–1978 | publisher=Juozas Kapočius | volume=I | location=Boston, Massachusetts | id=LCC | 74-114275 | pages=102–103] An important route, connecting Vilnius, Hrodna, and Warsaw, ran through the town. Protected by the castle and boasting a church built by Vytautas, the town became one of the important trading centers in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It had a court and here nobles gathered for a sejmik.lt icon cite web| url=http://www.zydai.lt/lt/content/viewitem/619/ |title=Eišiškės |first=Deiminta |last=Keršytė |coauthors=Agnė Rymkevičiūtė, Vidas Dusevičius |date=2007-08-21 |publisher=Žydai Lietuvoje |accessdate=2008-09-03]

Eišiškės was sacked and burned in 1655 during the Muscovite invasion and in 1706 during the Great Northern War.cite encyclopedia | editor=Simas Sužiedėlis | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Lituanica | title=Eišiškės | year=1970–1978 | publisher=Juozas Kapočius | volume=II | location=Boston, Massachusetts | id=LCC | 74-114275 | pages=145] The town lost majority of inhabitants and lost its former status as a trade center. At the end of the 17th century, in hopes to revive the economy Eišiškės were granted Magdeburg rights and became known for its horse and cattle markets. The former market square and surrounding streets are protected as urban heritage since 1969.lt icon cite web | url=http://www.salcininkai.lt/index.php/info/rajonas/seniunijos/eisiskiu/ |title=Eišiškių seniūnija |publisher=Šalčininkai district municipality |accessdate=2008-09-03] The town's importance decreased after the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, especially after it was sacked during the French invasion of Russia. However, the town grew rapidly following the Uprising of 1863 and abolition of serfdom. After few devastating fires, residents started constructing brick buildings. The town continued to be known for its markets and for its carriages. Eišiškės, as part of the Vilnius Region, was part of the Second Polish Republic during the interwar years. During World War II, the town witnessed some fighting between Polish Armia Krajowa, Nazi Wehrmacht, and Soviet Red Army.

Jewish history

Romantic Jewish legends claim that in the former Jewish cemeteries there were tombstones dating from 1171 or 1097, making Eišiškės one of the oldest Jewish settlements in Eastern Europe. However reliable data about Jewish residents comes only from the 18th century. By that time they already had a synagogue and two Jewish cemeteries, and accounted for about half of the population. As the town grew, the proportion of Jewish residents increased, hitting a peak of 80% in 1820. By 1850, the Jewish community had two beth midrashes. They controlled trade and crafts: in 1935 out of 117 enterprises, 106 belonged to Jews.

On September 25–26, 1941, an Einsatzgruppen unit entered Eišiškės and killed 3,446 Jews from Eišiškės and about 1,500 Jews from neighboring towns and villages. Men's bodies were buried in a trench, dug around the old Jewish cemetery to protect it from accidental cultivation by local farmers. The old cemetery is now a site of remembrance with a memorial stone in three languages. The new cemetery was destroyed in 1953 and turned into a yard of a kindergarten. Most of the private Jewish buildings survive and are protected as part of the urban heritage. One beth midrash is now a library, another was demolished. The synagogue was reconstructed into a sport hall and is now abandoned. The history of Eišiškės (Eishyshok) shtetl has been documented in the book "There Once Was A World" by Yaffa Eliach, professor at Brooklyn College. [cite book| title=There Once Was A World: A 900-Year Chronicle of the Shtetl of Eishyshok | first=Yaffa |last=Eliach |publisher=Back Bay Books |year=1999 |isbn=978-0316232395]

Demographics

Up to the Holocaust, Jews formed a majority in the town. Today Poles form a majority: they constitute some 80% of the popultion within the Šalčininkai district municipality. Eišiškės also have a small community of Roma people, numbering some 34 families. [lt icon cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070324141906/www.roma.lt/iframe.php?action=article_show&type_id=10&lang=lt |title=Vilniaus romų bendruomenė | first=Kazimieras |last=Aleksandravičius |publisher=Roma in Lithuania |accessdate=2008-09-03] It dates from at least 1780 when Stanisław August Poniatowski appointed a certain Znamirowski as community's elder. [lt icon cite book |title=Mūsų Lietuva |volume=I |first=Bronius |last=Kviklys | year=1964 |publisher=Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla| location=Boston |pages=304 |oclc=3303503] In 2001, in Eišiškės 42 students of Roma descend received financial assistance from an education fund. [lt icon cite web|url=http://skf.osf.lt/veikla2001-07.html |title= Projektas "Parama Lietuvos romų moksleiviams" | year=2005 |publisher=Švietimo kaitos fondas |accessdate=2008-09-03]

Religion

The first church was probably built in 1398 by Vytautas the Great.lt icon cite book | first=Bronius |last=Kviklys |title= Lietuvos bažnyčios. V tomas: Vilniaus arkiviskupija, II dalis | year=1986 |publisher=Lithuanian Library Press |location=Chicago, Illinois |pages=155–158 |isbn=0-932042-54-6] It was one of the first churches built in Lithuania after christianization in 1385. It is suggested that the church was burned during the Lithuanian Civil War (1431–1435). It was rebuilt in a different location. About 1500 a second church was built in southern part of the town. Likely both churches burned down during the Muscovite invasion invasion. A small and poor church was rebuilt, but before it could be improved it was burned by the Swedes. In 1707 a wooden church was built with a two-story tower and three-story belfry. By 1770s it was falling apart and needed reconstruction. The construction included the rectory and a wooden parish school. In 1845 a plan was drafted by historian Teodor Narbutt for a new brick church in neoclassical style. The construction was finished in 1852 and the church preserves its basic design to this day. The church, built of field stones, has a portico with six Doric columns. It is accompanied by a four-story belfry with a Baroque cap. The church lost its tower. The plain exterior is contrasted with the interior, decorated in light Baroque style. Three paintings, housed in the church, are protected as monuments of national importance.

Education

The first school, attached to the church, was established in 1524. It was one of the first schools in Lithuania. A seven-year school was established in 1921, but up until 1938 it did not have a separate building and had to rent rooms from private individuals.lt icon cite web | url=http://www.salcininkai.lt/index.php/info/aktualijos/eisisniugimnazija/ | title=Eišiškių gimnazijos inauguracijos šventė |first=Irena |last=Kolosovska | year=2007 |publisher=Šalčininkai district municipality |accessdate=2008-09-03] Before the new school building could properly open, World War II began and Germans seized the building and established a command post. The school was bombed and suffered large damage. After the war the school was rebuilt and classes commenced in three languages: Russian, Polish, and Lithuanian. As the number of students grew, an extension was built in 1967. Russian school moved out in 1983 and Lithuanian in 1992. In 2006, the Polish school earned the name of Eišiškės Gymnasium and had 602 students and 79 teachers. The Lithuanian school, named after Stanislovas Rapalionis, had 460 students in 2006. [lt icon cite web |url=http://www.smm.lt/svietimo_bukle/docs/statistika/MK_lesos_atskiroms_mokykloms_2006.xls |title=2006 m. MK lėšų paskirstymas atskiroms mokykloms |year=2006 | publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania |accessdate=2008-09-03 ] The Russian "Viltis" school was attached to the Lithuanian school. [lt icon cite web | url=http://www.salcininkai.lt/index.php/info/aktualijos/sveikamokykla/ | title=Sveika, mokykla! |first=Regina |last=Markevič |publisher=Šalčininkai district municipality |accessdate=2008-09-03]

References