Protein kinase A

Protein kinase A

In cell biology, Protein kinase A (PKA) refers to a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). PKA is also known as cAMP-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.11). Protein kinase A has several functions in the cell, including regulation of glycogen, sugar, and lipid metabolism.

It should neither be confused with AMP-activated protein kinase - which, although being of similar nature, may have opposite effects - [1] nor with cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks).

Contents

Mechanism

Overview: Activation and inactivation mechanisms of PKA

Activation

Each PKA is a holoenzyme that consists of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits. Under low levels of cAMP, the holoenzyme remains intact and is catalytically inactive. When the concentration of cAMP rises (e.g., activation of adenylate cyclases by G protein-coupled receptors coupled to Gs, inhibition of phosphodiesterases that degrade cAMP), cAMP binds to the two binding sites on the regulatory subunits, which leads to the release of the catalytic subunits.

Catalysis

The free catalytic subunits can then catalyse the transfer of ATP terminal phosphates to protein substrates at serine, or threonine residues. This phosphorylation usually results in a change in activity of the substrate. Since PKAs are present in a variety of cells and act on different substrates, PKA and cAMP regulation are involved in many different pathways.

The mechanisms of further effects may be divided into direct protein phosphorylation and protein synthesis:

  • In direct protein phosphorylation, PKA directly either increases or decreases the activity of a protein.
  • In protein synthesis, PKA first directly activates CREB, which binds the cAMP response element, altering the transcription and therefore the synthesis of the protein. In general, this mechanism takes more time (hours to days).

Inactivation

cAMP

Thus, PKA is controlled by cAMP. Also, the catalytic subunit itself can be down-regulated by phosphorylation.

Downregulation of protein kinase A occurs by a feedback mechanism: One of the substrates that are activated by the kinase is a phosphodiesterase, which quickly converts cAMP to AMP, thus reducing the amount of cAMP that can activate protein kinase A.

Anchorage

The 2 regulatory subunits of protein kinase A are important for localizing the kinase inside the cell. With the aid of A-kinase anchor protein (AKAP), AKAP binds both to the regulatory subunits and to either a component of cytoskeleton structure or a membrane of an organelle, anchoring the enzyme complex to a particular subcellular compartment.

The catalytic function of protein kinase A would sometimes couple with the AKAP, binding PKA with phosphodiesterase to form a complex that functions as a signal module. For example, an AKAP locating near the nucleus of a heart muscle cell would bind to both PKA and phosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes cAMP. As phosphodiesterase contributes to the steady low concentration of cAMP in unstimulated cells, as the cell is stimulated, PKA is then responsible for the activation of phosphodiesterase (adjacent to PKA) in order to lower the concentration of cAMP. In this condition, as PKA and phosphodiesterase have formed a complex, the proximity increases the efficiency of PKA's activity.

Function

PKA phosphorylates other proteins, altering their function. As protein expression varies from cell type to cell type, the proteins that are available for phosphorylation will depend upon the cell in which PKA is present. Thus, the effects of PKA activation vary with cell type:

Overview table

Cell type Organ/system Stimulators
ligands --> Gs-GPCRs
or PDE inhibitors
Inhibitors
ligands --> Gi-GPCRs
or PDE stimulators
Effects
adipocyte
myocyte (skeletal muscle) muscular system
myocyte (cardiac muscle) muscular system
hepatocyte liver
neurons in nucleus accumbens nervous system dopamine --> dopamine receptor Activate reward system
principal cells in kidney kidney
myocyte (smooth muscle) muscular system Vasodilation
Thick ascending limb cell kidney Vasopressin --> V2 receptor stimulate Na-K-2Cl symporter (perhaps only minor effect) [4]
Cortical collecting tubule cell kidney Vasopressin --> V2 receptor stimulate Epithelial sodium channel (perhaps only minor effect) [4]
Inner medullary collecting duct cell kidney Vasopressin --> V2 receptor
  • stimulate urea transporter 1
  • urea transporter 1 exocytosis[5]
proximal convoluted tubule cell kidney PTH --> PTH receptor 1 Inhibit NHE3 --> ↓H+ secretion[6]
juxtaglomerular cell kidney renin secretion

In adipocytes and hepatocytes

Adrenaline and glucagon affect the activity of protein kinase A by changing the levels of cAMP in a cell via the G-protein mechanism, using adenylate cyclase. Protein Kinase A acts to phosphorylate many enzymes important in metabolism. For example, protein kinase A phosphorylates acetyl-CoA carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. Such covalent modification has an inhibitory effect on these enzymes, thus inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting net gluconeogenesis. Insulin, on the other hand, decreases the level of phosphorylation of these enzymes, which instead promotes lipogenesis. Recall that gluconeogenesis does not occur in myocytes.

In nucleus accumbens neurons

PKA helps transfer/translate the dopamine signal into cells. It has been found (postmortem) to be elevated in the brains of smokers, in the nucleus accumbens, which mediates reward and motivation: a part of the brain acted on by "virtually all" recreational drugs, as well as "in the area of the midbrain that responds to dopamine, which acts as a 'reward chemical' in smokers and former-smokers." [8]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hallows KR, Alzamora R, Li H, et al. (April 2009). "AMP-activated protein kinase inhibits alkaline pH- and PKA-induced apical vacuolar H+-ATPase accumulation in epididymal clear cells". Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 296 (4): C672–81. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00004.2009. PMC 2670645. PMID 19211918. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2670645. 
  2. ^ a b c d e Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-07145-4.  Page 172
  3. ^ Rodriguez P, Kranias EG. (December 2005). ""Phospholamban: a key determinant of cardiac function and dysfunction."". Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 98 (12): 1239–43. PMID 16435604. 
  4. ^ a b c d e Walter F., PhD. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.  Page 842
  5. ^ Walter F., PhD. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.  Page 844
  6. ^ Walter F., PhD. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.  Page 852
  7. ^ a b c d Walter F., PhD. Boron (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 1300. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.  Page 867
  8. ^ "Smoking alters brain 'like drugs'". BBC News. 2007-02-24. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6378179.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно сделать НИР?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Protein kinase D1 — Protein kinase D1, also known as PRKD1, is a human gene.cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PRKD1 protein kinase D1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene Cmd=ShowDetailView TermToSearch=5587| accessdate = ] PBB Summary section title …   Wikipedia

  • Protein kinase R — (Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2) is a protein protecting against viral infections. EIF2AK2 is its human gene.cite web | title = Entrez Gene: EIF2AK2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2| url =… …   Wikipedia

  • Protein kinase N1 — Protein kinase N1, also known as PKN1, is a human gene.cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PKN1 protein kinase N1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene Cmd=ShowDetailView TermToSearch=5585| accessdate = ] PBB Summary section title …   Wikipedia

  • Protein kinase C — ( PKC , EC number|2.7.11.13) is a family of protein kinases consisting of 10 isozymes.cite journal | author = Mellor H, Parker PJ | title = The extended protein kinase C superfamily | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 332 ( Pt 2) | issue = | pages …   Wikipedia

  • Protein kinase Mζ — (also called PKMζ or PKMzeta) is the independent catalytic domain of protein kinase Cζ and, lacking an autoinhibitory regulatory domain of the full length PKCζ, is constitutively active. This constitutive or autonomous activity allows the kinase… …   Wikipedia

  • protein kinase C — sē n any of a group of isoenzymes of protein kinase that modify the conformation and activity of various intracellular proteins by catalyzing the phosphorylation of specific serine or threonine amino acid residues in the polypeptide chains of the …   Medical dictionary

  • protein kinase — n any of a class of allosteric enzymes that possess a catalytic subunit which transfers a phosphate from ATP to one or more amino acid residues (as serine, threonine, or tyrosine) in a protein s side chain resulting in a conformational change… …   Medical dictionary

  • Protein kinase — A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation). This class of protein may further be separated into subsets as in the case of protein kinase C PKC alpha, PKC beta,… …   Wikipedia

  • protein kinase C — noun Date: 1981 a protein kinase that catalyzes the phosphorylation of specific serine or threonine amino acid residues …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • protein kinase A — Cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase …   Dictionary of molecular biology

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”