Oranges and Lemons

This article is about the nursery rhyme. For other uses, see Oranges and Lemons (disambiguation).

"Oranges and Lemons" Roud #3190
One of the 12 bells, of St Leonard's, Shoreditch, removed for maintenance
Written by	Traditional
Published	c. 1744
Written	England
Language	English
Form	Nursery rhyme

"Oranges and Lemons" is an English nursery rhyme and singing game which refers to the bells of several churches, all within or close to the City of London. It is listed in the Roud Folk Song Index as #3190.

Lyrics

Common modern versions include:

Oranges and lemons,
Say the bells of St. Clement's.

You owe me five farthings,
Say the bells of St. Martin's.

When will you pay me?
Say the bells of Old Bailey.

When I grow rich,
Say the bells of Shoreditch.

When will that be?
Say the bells of Stepney.

I do not know,
Says the great bell of Bow.

Here comes a candle to light you to bed,
And here comes a chopper to chop off your head!^[1]

Here is a longer version:

Gay go up and gay go down,
To ring the bells of London town.

Oranges and lemons,
Say the bells of St. Clements.

Bull's eyes and targets,
Say the bells of St. Marg'ret's.

Brickbats and tiles,
Say the bells of St. Giles'.

Halfpence and farthings,
Say the bells of St. Martin's.

Pancakes and fritters,
Say the bells of St. Peter's.

Two sticks and an apple,
Say the bells of Whitechapel.

Pokers and tongs,
Say the bells of St. John's.

Kettles and pans,
Say the bells of St. Ann's.

Old Father Baldpate,
Say the slow bells of Aldgate.

You owe me ten shillings,
Say the bells of St. Helen's.

When will you pay me?
Say the bells of Old Bailey.

When I grow rich,
Say the bells of Shoreditch.

Pray when will that be?
Say the bells of Stepney.

I do not know,
Says the great bell of Bow.

Here comes a candle to light you to bed,
Here comes a chopper to chop off your head.

Chop chop chop chop
The last man's dead!^[2][3]

As a game

The song is used in a children's singing game with the same name, in which the players file, in pairs, through an arch made by two of the players (made by having the players face each other, raise their arms over their head, and clasp their partners' hands). The challenge comes during the final lines:

Here comes a candle to light you to bed.

Here comes a chopper to chop off your head.

(Chip chop, chip chop, the last man's dead.)

On the last word, the children forming the arch drop their arms to catch the pair of children currently passing through, who are then "out" and must form another arch next to the existing one. In this way, the series of arches becomes a steadily lengthening tunnel through which each set of two players have to run faster and faster to escape in time.^[1]

Alternative versions of the game include: children caught "out" by the last rhyme may stand behind one of the children forming the original arch, instead of forming additional arches; and, children forming "arches" may bring their hands down for each word of the last line, while the children passing through the arches run as fast as they can to avoid being caught on the last word.^[4]

Origins and meaning

Various theories have been advanced to account for the rhyme, including: that it deals with child sacrifice; that it describes public executions; that it describes Henry VIII's marital difficulties.^[1] Problematically for these theories the last two lines, with their different metre, do not appear in the earlier recorded versions of the rhyme, including the first printed in Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book (c. 1744), where the lyrics are:

Two Sticks and Apple,
Ring y^e Bells at Whitechapple,
Old Father Bald Pate,
Ring y^e Bells Aldgate,
Maids in White Aprons,
Ring y^e Bells a S^t. Catherines,
Oranges and Lemmons,
Ring y^e bells at S^t. Clemens,
When will you pay me,
Ring y^e Bells at y^e Old Bailey,
When I am Rich,
Ring y^e Bells at Fleetditch,
When will that be,
Ring y^e Bells at Stepney,
When I am Old,
Ring y^e Bells at Pauls.^[1]

There is considerable variation in the churches and lines attached to them in versions printed in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, which makes any overall meaning difficult to establish. The final two lines of the modern version were first collected by James Orchard Halliwell in the 1840s.^[1]

Oranges and Lemons was the name of a square-four-eight-dance, published in Playford's, Dancing Master in 1665, but it is not clear if this relates to this rhyme.^[1] Similar rhymes naming churches and giving rhymes to their names can be found in other parts of England, including Shropshire and Derby, where they were sung on festival days, on which bells would also have been rung.^[1]

The identity of the churches is not always clear, but the following have been suggested, along with some factors that may have influenced the accompanying statements:^[1]

• St. Martin's may be St Martin Orgar or St. Martin's Lane in the city, where moneylenders used to live.
• St Sepulchre-without-Newgate (opposite the Old Bailey) is near the Fleet Prison where debtors were held.
• St Leonard's, Shoreditch is just outside the old city walls
• St Dunstan's, Stepney is also just outside the city walls
• Bow is St Mary-le-Bow in Cheapside
• St. Helen's, in the longer version of the song, is St Helen's Bishopsgate, in the city.
• St. Clements's may be St Clement Danes or St Clement Eastcheap both of which are near the wharves where merchantmen landed citrus fruits.

The tune

StClementsDanes

The tune is reminiscent of change ringing, and the intonation of each line is said to correspond with the distinct sounds of each church's bells. Today, the bells of St. Clement Danes ring out the tune of the rhyme.^[5]

Cultural references

The song is one of the nursery rhymes most commonly referred to in popular literature:

In literature

• In George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) it is used as a snippet of nursery rhyme part of which the protagonist Winston Smith cannot remember. Various characters contribute snippets of the rhyme as the book goes on, and the last lines figure symbolically into the closing events of the second section. It serves as an example of the near-complete eradication of shared culture, and is foreshadowed as being lost forever after the final few civilians who remember it die. The book uses the verse "you owe me three farthings" instead of "five". ^[6]

• The novel "The First Verse" by Barry McCrea features a mysterious character named Pablo Virgomare whose appearance is marked or brought on by a line from "Oranges and Lemons".

• In the novel Private Peaceful (2004) by Michael Morpurgo the song is the favourite of the character Big Joe. He sings this song continuously throughout the novel and the children use it as a song of resistance to the authoritarian Grandma Wolf.

• In the script book Sepia and Song, in A Memory Of Lizzie, a play about Lizzie Borden, who was accused of killing her parents, the children often sing this.

• In Roald Dahl's short story A Piece of Cake, the song is part of Dahl's dreams while recovering from the crash of his fighter plane.

• In Edward Rutherford's novel London (1997), "Oranges and Lemons" is one of the nursery rhymes invoked by the characters.

• In Martin Langfield's 2009 novel The Secret Fire,^[7] "Oranges and Lemons" is said to reveal, in coded form, the path of the London (or "St Paul's") ley line.

• In issue # 17 of Neil Gaiman's comic book series "the Sandman", a novel written by the character Erasmus Fry is called "Here Comes a Candle".

• In the Newbery Medal award-winning book, "The Graveyard Book" (Neil Gaiman, 2008) two villainous characters have trapped the protagonist, "Bod", a boy of eight years age, in a back room. One character explains his forthcoming plan to turn Bod over to hyper-villain "Jack", waving Jack's calling card and reciting the second to last line of this verse: "Here comes a candle to light you to bed". The other antagonist intones with the finishing couplet "and here comes a chopper to chop off your head."

• In Warren Ellis' ongoing comic, "Gravel", issue #21 makes extensive use of this rhyme; and the art even references this particular wikipedia entry.

• In Brad Thor's thriller "Full BLack" it is referenced in a terrorist plot.

In music

• 'Oranges and Lemons' has been covered by the pop-synth band Book of Love.^{[citation needed]}

• A setting of the full Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book version for choir was written by Bob Chilcott. Entitled "London Bells", it is the third movement of "Songs and Cries of London Town".^[8]

• The text and melody are set in the art song "Rhyme" from William Walton's song cycle "A Song for the Lord Mayor's Table."

• "Oranges & Lemons" is the name of an album by British post-punk/alternative-rock band XTC (their most successful album, by chart position). "orange and lemons..." is also the opening lyric to their song "Ballet for a Rainy Day" on the 1986 album Skylarking.

• The widely covered folk music song "The Bells of Rhymney", with words by Idris Davies and music by Pete Seeger, closely follows the metrical form of the classic nursery rhyme and is based upon the similar idea of bells "saying" mnemonic phrases, using place names from Wales.

• The song "Clash City Rockers" by The Clash features a parody on the rhyme with a verse altered to reflect the music scene of that time: "'You owe me a move', say the bells of St. Groove/'Come on and show me', say the bells of Old Bowie/'When I am fitter', say the bells of Gary Glitter/'No one but you and I', say the bells of Prince Far-I".

• The Clash also reproduced the melody of the nursery rhyme in the very first notes of the introduction to "Ivan Meets G.I. Joe", on their 1980 Sandinista! album.

• In the song "Stop Crying" (1979) by Th' Dudes, the last two lines of the chorus are the same as that of the nursery rhyme: "Here comes the candle to light you to bed, here comes the chopper to chop off your head."

• Benjamin Till composed music based upon the nursery rhyme and performed 11 July 2009 at St Mary Le Bow Church, London to honour 150 years of the great bell, Big Ben.^[9]

• "Oranges & Lemons" is the name of a Japanese folk pop band.

• John Baker produced a theme titled "Oranges and Lemons" for the BBC Radiophonic Workshop.^[10]

• On Supertramp's album Brother Where You Bound these two lines are used in the intro part of the title cut.

In video games

• The 1991 game Lemmings contains a level named "Origins and Lemmings".^[11]

• In the game Silent Hill: Origins (2007), the protagonist finds a note saying 'here comes a candle to light you to bed, here comes the butcher to chop off your head'. The Butcher is a monster similar to Pyramid Head/Boogeyman monster in the series.

• In the game Half Life 2 (2004), graffiti of Oranges and Lemons can be seen spray painted on a wall.

• In the game The Lost Crown: A Ghost-Hunting Adventure (2008), Nigel and the ghost of a little girl converse, and trade off lines from the end of the rhyme.

In film and television

• In the 1951 film Scrooge, the tune "Oranges and Lemons" is heard when Ebenezer Scrooge (Alastair Sim) sees the Ghost of Christmas Present for the first time. He enters a room and finds it brightly decorated by the ghost.

• An instrumental version of the rhyme's melody appears in the 1973 film The Wicker Man as "Chop Chop". The tune soundtracks a scene in which characters, chanting "chop chop", conduct a ceremony with swords reminiscent of the children's party game mentioned above.

• The tune makes a brief appearance in Howard Blake's score for the 1982 animated film The Snowman, in a scene in which the Snowman is trying different fruits for his nose.

• The Interrogator sings the last two lines near the end of the 1991 film Closet Land.

• Steve Martland's arrangement of "Oranges and Lemons" is used in Songs for Dead Children, a 24-minute animated film by the Quay Brothers (2003).

• In The Avengers episode "Too Many Christmas Trees," Mrs. Peel and John Steed sing this song to close their minds from telepathic influences.

• In The Old Dark House (1963), Casper frequently quotes lines from "Oranges and Lemons".

• In Being Human Season 2, Coroner Stephen Quinn quotes this to the vampire, John Mitchell, "Here comes the candle to light you to bed, Here comes the chopper to chop off your head."
• In NCIS (TV series) Season 2, Episode 8, Donald "Ducky" Mallard sings the line "Here comes a candle to light you to bed, Here comes a chopper to chop off your head. Chop chop chop chop"
• In Doctor Who Series 6 Episode 11 The God Complex, Joe (the first captive "guest" to be sacrificed) refers to the line "Here comes a candle to light you to bed, Here comes a chopper to chop off your head. Chop chop chop chop"

In bartending

• A half-and-half mixture of orange juice and bitter-lemon soda water is known as a "St Clements".

See also

• Dong, Dong, Dongdaemun, Korean nursery rhyme for playing a similar game to Oranges and Lemons
• London Bridge is Falling Down, another English nursery rhyme for playing a similar game to Oranges and Lemons

External links

• Audio of song at Museum of Childhood site
• The British Library - Singing and dancing Audio recording of Oranges and Lemons with accompanying text

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), pp. 337-8.
2. ^ http://www.mamalisa.com/?t=es&p=805&c=116
3. ^ Lines, Kathleen, compiler, and Harold Jones, illustrator. Lavender's Blue. Oxford University Press, USA; 50th anniversary edition, 2005.
4. ^ Oranges and Lemons (article in H2G2, an editable reference site hosted by bbc.co.uk).
5. ^ 'St Clement Danes, The Strand London WC2', http://www.touruk.co.uk/london_churches/stclementsdanes_church1.htm, retrieved 12/04/09.
6. ^ G. Orwell, 1984: a Novel (Signet Classic, 1990), pp. 178-9.
7. ^ Langfield, Martin. The Secret Fire. ISBN 0141025077. See “Oranges and Lemons” – a London secret, hidden in plain sight.
8. ^ Oxford University Press 2001 http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-343297-8
9. ^ BBC Radio 4 http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_8142000/8142874.stm
10. ^ http://www.trunkrecords.com/turntable/john_baker.shtml
11. ^ The Lemmings Encyclopedia