- 1275
Events
Europe
War and politics
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April 22 - The first of theStatutes of Westminster are passed by the EnglishParliament , establishing a series of laws in its 51 clauses, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition ofbail able and non-bailable offenses.
*Eleanor de Montfort is captured by pirates in the employ ofEdward I of England to prevent her marriage toLlywelyn the Last , prince ofWales ; she is used as a bargaining chip over the coming years in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales.
* Scottish forces defeat the Manx of theIsle of Man in a decisive battle, firmly establishing Scottish rule of the island.
* The MongolGolden Horde raidsLithuania for the third time.
* AroundCiney , in the futureWallonia , begins the fratricidwar of the cow which will last until1278 .Culture, religion, and science
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Jean de Meun completes the French allegorical work of fiction, "Roman de la Rose ", with a second section; the first section was written byGuillaume de Lorris in1230 .
* Theverge escapement , a simple type ofescapement used inclock s, is invented (exact year unknown).
*Ramon Llull establishes a school inMajorca to teach Arabic to preachers in an attempt to aid proselytizing toMoors . He also discoversdiethyl ether .
* The first main survey of theHundred Rolls , an Englishcensus seen as a follow up to theDomesday Book completed in1086 , is finished; it began in1274 .Asia
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March - The 200,000 multiethnic troops of theMongol -ledYuan Dynasty , headed by the Turkish commander Bayan, face a ChineseSong Dynasty army of 130,000 led by the Song Chancellor Jia Sidao. The result is a decisive victory for the Yuan Dynasty, and soon after the much-vilified Jia Sidao is stripped of rank and title, and killed by one of his own guards as he is sent to exile inFujian by the Song court.
*March 4 - Chineseastronomers observe atotal eclipse of theSun inChina .
* Invading Mongol forces capture the Chinese city ofSuzhou .
*Marco Polo purportedly visitsXanadu ,Kublai Khan 's summer capital of theMongol Empire .
* The city ofKunming is made capital of theYunnan province of the MongolYuan Dynasty .
*Nestorian monkRabban Bar Sauma begins hispilgrimage fromChina towardsJerusalem .Eras and population estimates
* The era of the "tosafot" (medieval commentators on the
Talmud ) ends (began1100 ).
* The population ofBushmen inBasutoland (modern-dayLesotho ) is estimated at 125,000.
* The Japanese eraBun'ei ends, and the Kenji era begins.Births
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September 27 -John II, Duke of Brabant (d.1312 )
*William of Alnwick ,Franciscan theologian (approximate date; d.1333 )
*Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Lord Badlesmere (d.1322 )
*Walter V of Brienne , Duke of Athens (approximate date; d.1311 )
*Dnyaneshwar , Hindu saint and poet (d.1296 )
*Gediminas, Duke of Lithuania (approximate date; d.1341 )
*Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor (approximate date; d.1313 )
*Mondino de Liuzzi , Italian physician and anatomist (d.1326 )
*John Menteith , Scottish nobleman (approximate date; d.1323 )
*Giovanni Villani , Florentine writer (approximate date; d.1348 )
*Giovanni d'Andrea , Italian juristDeaths
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April 13 -Eleanor of England (b.1215 )
*September 24 -Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford , Constable of England (b.1208 )
*Bohemund VI of Antioch (b.1237 )
*Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile , Crown Prince of Castile
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