- John III, Duke of Cleves
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John III the Peaceful, Duke of Cleves and Count of Mark (John III, Duke of Cleves; John I, Duke of Jülich-Berg; German: Johann III der Friedfertige, Herzog von Jülich-Kleve-Berg; 10 November 1490 – 6 February 1538/9) was a son of John II, Duke of Cleves and Matilda of Hesse, daughter of Henry III, Landgrave of Upper Hesse.[1]
John III became Regent of the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg in 1521, and Lord of Ravensberg in 1528.
John represented a compensatory attitude, which strove for a via media, a middle way, between the two confessions during the Protestant Reformation. Despite what others may have thought, not all Germanic princely homes were Lutheran Protestant. In fact the real influence at the court of Cleves was Erasmus. Many of men were friends and followers of this well-educated Dutch scholar and theologian. When Duke John decided to write up a list of church regulations, Erasmus was the first person the Duke went to personally for consultation and approval.
Duke John had an instinct for balance as was shown when he married his eldest daughter Sybille to John Frederick of Saxony. John Frederick would go on to later head the Schmalkaldic League. In many ways John of Cleves' court was ideal for raising a Queen. It was fundamentally liberal, but serious-minded, theologically inclined, profoundly Erasmian; as the court of Catherine of Aragon had once been. It was from this court that his daughter Anne would be raised. Anne would go on to marry King Henry VIII of England as his fourth wife.[2]
Family
In 1509, he married Maria of Jülich-Berg, daughter of Duke William IV of Jülich-Berg and Sybilla of Brandenburg, who became heiress to her father's estates Jülich, Berg and Ravensberg.[3] They had the following children:
- Sybille (17 January 1512 – 21 February 1554), married John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, head of the Protestant Confederation of Germany, "Champion of the Reformation". Had issue.
- Anne (22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557), who was briefly married to Henry VIII, King of England, as his fourth wife. No issue.
- Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (28 July 1516 – 5 January 1592), married Maria, Archduchess of Austria, daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. Had issue.
- Amalia of Cleves (17 October 1517 – 1 March 1586), died unmarried.
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Sybille of Cleves by Lucas Cranach the Elder. -
Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein the Younger. -
William of Cleves by Heinrich Aldegrever. -
Unknown woman by Hans Holbein the Younger, thought to be Amalia of Cleves.
References
- ^ Morby, John. Dynasties of the World: a chronological and genealogical handbook (Oxford, Oxfordshire, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1989), page 135.
- ^ Antonia Fraser. The Wives of Henry VIII (Vintage Books, 1993), Chapter: Anne of Cleves.
- ^ Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 154.
Ancestry of John III, Duke of Cleves16. Adolph III, Count of Mark 8. Adolph I, Duke of Cleves 17. Margaret of Jülich-Berg 4. John I, Duke of Cleves 18. John II "the Fearless", Duke of Burgundy 9. Marie of Burgundy 19. Margaret of Bavaria 2. John II, Duke of Cleves 20. Philip II, Count of Nevers 10. John II, Count of Nevers 21. Bonna of Artois 5. Elizabeth of Nevers 22. Raoul of Ailly 11. Jacqueline d'Ailly 23. Jacqueline of Bethune 1. John III, Duke of Cleves 24. Hermann II, Landgrave of Hesse 12. Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse 25. Margaret of Hohenzollern-Nürnberg 6. Henry III, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg 26. Frederick I, Elector of Saxony 13. Anna of Saxony 27. Catherine of Brunswick 3. Matilda of Hesse 28. John IV, Count of Katzenelnbogen 14. Philip I, Count of Katzenelnbogen 29. Anna, Countess of Katzenelnbogen 7. Anna of Katzenelnbogen 30. Eberhard IV, Count of Württemberg 15. Anna of Württemberg 31. Henriette of Mömpelgard References
- ^ Morby, John. Dynasties of the World: a chronological and genealogical handbook (Oxford, Oxfordshire, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1989), page 135.
- ^ Antonia Fraser. The Wives of Henry VIII (Vintage Books, 1993), Chapter: Anne of Cleves.
- ^ Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 154.
Preceded by
William IVDuke of Jülich-Berg
Count of Ravensberg
1511–1539Succeeded by
William the RichPreceded by
John IIDuke of Cleves
Count of Mark
1521–1539Categories:- 1490 births
- 1530s deaths
- German nobility
- People from the Duchy of Cleves
- House of La Marck
- Dukes of Berg
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