Compact group

Compact group

In mathematics, a compact (topological, often understood) group is a topological group whose topology is compact. Compact groups are a natural generalisation of finite groups with the discrete topology and have properties that carry over in significant fashion. Compact groups have a well-understood theory, in relation to group actions and representation theory.

In the following we will assume all groups are Hausdorff.

Contents

Compact Lie groups

Lie groups form the nicest class of topological groups, and the compact Lie groups have a particularly well-developed theory. Basic examples of compact Lie groups include

The classification theorem of compact Lie groups states that up to finite extensions and finite covers this exhausts the list of examples (which already includes some redundancies).

Classification

Given any compact Lie group G one can take its identity component G0, which is connected. The quotient group G/G0 is the group of components π0(G) which must be finite since G is compact. We therefore have a finite extension

1\to G_0 \to G \to \pi_0(G) \to 1.\,

Now every compact, connected Lie group G0 has a finite covering

1\to A\to \tilde{G}_0\to G_0\to 1\,

where A\sub Z(\tilde{G}_0) is a finite abelian group and \tilde{G_0} is a product of a torus and a compact, connected, simply-connected Lie group K:

\tilde{G}_0 \cong \mathbb T^m \times K.

Finally, every compact, connected, simply-connected Lie group K is a product of compact, connected, simply-connected simple Lie groups Ki each of which is isomorphic to exactly one of

  • Sp(n), n ≥ 1
  • SU(n), n ≥ 3
  • Spin(n), n ≥ 7
  • G2, F4, E6, E7, or E8

Further examples

Amongst groups that are not Lie groups, and so do not carry the structure of a manifold, examples are the additive group Zp of p-adic integers, and constructions from it. In fact any profinite group is a compact group. This means that Galois groups are compact groups, a basic fact for the theory of algebraic extensions in the case of infinite degree.

Pontryagin duality provides a large supply of examples of compact commutative groups. These are in duality with abelian discrete groups.

Haar measure

Compact groups all carry a Haar measure, which will be invariant by both left and right translation (the modulus function must be a continuous homomorphism to the positive multiplicative reals, and so 1). In other words these groups are unimodular. Haar measure is easily normalised to be a probability measure, analogous to dθ/2π on the circle.

Such a Haar measure is in many cases easy to compute; for example for orthogonal groups it was known to Hurwitz, and in the Lie group cases can always be given by an invariant differential form. In the profinite case there are many subgroups of finite index, and Haar measure of a coset will be the reciprocal of the index. Therefore integrals are often computable quite directly, a fact applied constantly in number theory.

Representation theory

The representation theory of compact groups was founded by the Peter-Weyl theorem. Hermann Weyl went on to give the detailed character theory of the compact connected Lie groups, based on maximal torus theory. The resulting Weyl character formula was one of the influential results of twentieth century mathematics.

A combination of Weyl's work and Cartan's theorem gives a survey of the whole representation theory of compact groups G . That is, by the Peter-Weyl theorem the irreducible unitary representations ρ of G are into a unitary group (of finite dimension) and the image will be a closed subgroup of the unitary group by compactness. Cartan's theorem states that Im(ρ) must itself be a Lie subgroup in the unitary group. If G is not itself a Lie group, there must be a kernel to ρ. Further one can form an inverse system, for the kernel of ρ smaller and smaller, of finite-dimensional unitary representations, which identifies G as an inverse limit of compact Lie groups. Here the fact that in the limit a faithful representation of G is found is another consequence of the Peter-Weyl theorem,

The unknown part of the representation theory of compact groups is thereby, roughly speaking, thrown back onto the complex representations of finite groups. This theory is rather rich in detail, but is qualitatively well understood.

Duality

The topic of recovering a compact group from its representation theory is the subject of the Tannaka-Krein duality, now often recast in term of tannakian category theory.

From compact to non-compact groups

The influence of the compact group theory on non-compact groups was formulated by Weyl in his unitarian trick. Inside a general semisimple Lie group there is a maximal compact subgroup, and the representation theory of such groups, developed largely by Harish-Chandra, uses intensively the restriction of a representation to such a subgroup, and also the model of Weyl's character theory.

See also

References

  • Hofmann, Karl H.; Morris, Sidney A. (1998), The structure of compact groups, Berlin: de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-015268-1 

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать реферат

Look at other dictionaries:

  • compact group — kompaktinė grupė statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. compact group vok. kompakte Gruppe, f rus. компактная группа, f pranc. groupe compact, m …   Fizikos terminų žodynas

  • Locally compact group — In mathematics, a locally compact group is a topological group G which is locally compact as a topological space. Locally compact groups are important because they have a natural measure called the Haar measure. This allows one to define… …   Wikipedia

  • Hickson Compact Group — (Abkürzung HCG) ist ein Katalog mit 100 Galaxiengruppen, herausgegeben von Paul Hickson im Jahr 1982. [1] Die wohl bekannteste enthaltene Galaxiengruppe im Katalog ist Stephans Quintett. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Suchkriterien 2 Weitere Untersuchungen …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • p-compact group — In mathematics, in particular algebraic topology, a p compact group is (roughly speaking) a space that is a homotopical version of a compact Lie group, but with all the structure concentrated at a single prime p. This concept was introduced by… …   Wikipedia

  • P-compact group — In mathematics, in particular algebraic topology, a p compact group is (roughly speaking) a space that is a homotopical version of a compact Lie group, but with all the structure concentrated at a single prime p . This concept was introduced by… …   Wikipedia

  • Hickson Compact Group — A Hickson Compact Group (abberviation: HCG) is a collection of galaxies designated as published by Paul Hickson in 1982.cite journal author=Hickson, Paul title=Systematic properties of compact groups of galaxies journal=Astrophysical Journal year …   Wikipedia

  • Algebraically compact group — In mathematics, in the realm of Abelian group theory, a group is said to be algebraically compact if it is a direct summand of every Abelian group containing it as a pure subgroup.Equivalent characterizations of algebraic compactness: * The group …   Wikipedia

  • Compact quantum group — In mathematics, a compact quantum group is an abstract structure on a unital separable C* algebra axiomatized from those that exist on the commutative C* algebra of continuous complex valued functions on a compact quantum group. The basic… …   Wikipedia

  • Group representation — In the mathematical field of representation theory, group representations describe abstract groups in terms of linear transformations of vector spaces; in particular, they can be used to represent group elements as matrices so that the group… …   Wikipedia

  • Group algebra — This page discusses topological algebras associated to topological groups; for the purely algebraic case of discrete groups see group ring. In mathematics, the group algebra is any of various constructions to assign to a locally compact group an… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”