Bastard brothers

John (ca 1668–1770) and William Bastard (ca 1689–1766) were British surveyor-architects, and civic dignitaries [Extracts from Hutchins History of Dorset records John Bastard was mayor of Blandford Forum in 1729, 1738, 1739, 1750, 1754 and 1759. William was mayor in 1744 and 1756] of the town of Blandford Forum in Dorset. [Pevsner 1972:95 ] John and William generally worked together and are known as the "Bastard brothers". They were builders, furniture makers, ecclesiastical carvers and experts at plasterwork, [Cox 1997] but are most notable for their rebuilding work at Blandford Forum following a large fire of 1731, [Geoffrey Webb, "John and William Bastard, of Blandford" "The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs" 47 No. 270 (September 1925, pp. 144-145; 148-150.] and for work in the neighbourhood that Colvin describes as "mostly designed in a vernacular baroque style of considerable merit though of no great sophistication." [Colvin 1995 sub "Bastard".] . Their work was chiefly inspired by the buildings of Wren, Archer and Gibbs. [assertion made by Pevsner p 29.] Thus the Bastards' architecture was retrospective and did not follow the ideals of the more austere Palladianism which by the 1730s was highly popular in England.

The brothers, [A third brother, Thomas, who died in 1731 (Colvin 1995, sub "Bastard"), married an heiress and settled down to sire a family, the Horlock-Bastards of Charlton Marshall (Webb 1925).] the sons of Thomas Bastard (died 1720), a joiner and architect, the founder of a family firm of provincial architects in the area. However little remains today of the works of the brothers' ancestors, chiefly as the result of the 1731 fire and a previous fire in the town in 1713.

Rebuilding of Blandford

On 4 June 1731 a fire destroyed the greater part of Blandford. John Bastard worked as a fire assessor before and after this fire, and a book survives in Dorset History Centre in which he detailed assessments from fires at Sturminster Newton Castle (1730), Affpuddle (1741), Beaminster (1741), Puddletown (1753) and Wareham (1762). The inventory for the fire at Blandford shows the losses of everyone in the town including the Corporation of the Borough of Blandford and the church. Bastard and Co. were the largest private losers. [Cox 1993]

The Blandford fire, which swept away the heart of a town that had evolved in a haphazard way from the medieval period, presented an opportunity for more regular redevelopment in the classical styles. However, with the exception of a widening the original market square, the fashionable Baroque style of town planning [The Baroque form of town planning - wide boulevards, often on a grid plan, leading to squares creating vistas, so successfully deployed in 18th century Bath, remained in vogue long after Baroque architecture had passed from fashion] was ignored and the town was rebuilt on its former medieval street plan.

The first building to be completed in Blandford was the grandiose town hall, finished in 1734. [It bears the date on the frieze of the central window and BASTARD in the curved pediment above (Webb 1925:144).] Constructed, like much of their work, in the local Portland stone, the building is architecturally of interest because of its idiosyncrasies of style. While at first glance appearing to be a typical example of the Palladian style popular at the time, this is not truly the case. The ground floor is an open arcade of three segmented arches more typical of Renaissance Dutch and English market halls. The upper floor however, is in the highest Palladian tradition, as exemplified by Inigo Jones in his Banqueting House at Whitehall, the windows alternating with segmental and pointed pediments. The whole of the facade is surmounted by a uniting pediment, with a circular window at its centre. The design of the facade seems incomplete, as though flanking wings are missing. The provincial design of the building is again emphasised by the placement of three covered urns on the pediment redolent of the Baroque style which by the 1730s had already passed from its brief period of high fashion in England. The pediment appears heavy and lacks support from the pilasters which more urbane architects would have placed at either end of the facade.

The Town Hall, designed to provide a central feature to a row of houses, is typical of the work of the Bastard brothers, from which they were to make their fortune. They became entrepreneurs and local politicians. [ [http://www.dorset-info.co.uk/towns.asp?Town=Blandford%20Forum Blandford Forum] .] Other works by the Bastards in the town include the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, built between 1733 and 1739; the market place around the town hall, designed in the classical style but not uniform; the Greyhound Inn (1734-35; now a bank), which was their own property; a terrace of almshouses; and many large private houses with classical facades, notably Spetisbury and Coupar House.

The rebuilding of the town was officially completed in 1760–a feat commemorated by a memorial in the form of a portico to the church, known as the Fire Monument. Pevsner describes this memorial as a "detailed tabernacle with Doric columns". [Pevsner 1972:97 ] This was designed and paid for by John Bastard, who had it engraved, somewhat immodestly, with the inscription "in grateful Acknowledgement of the Divine Mercy, that has raised this Town, like a phoenix from its ashes, to its present beautiful and flourishing State"." However, the monument also has a more practical use, built above a piped spring: should a fire break out again it would supply a head of water for the attachment of fire hoses. The monument was converted into a drinking fountain in 1899. [Cox 1993,8.]

The Bastards' House

At the time of the 1731 fire the bachelor brothers John and William occupied a house in Blandford Forum that belonged to the Trustees of the William Williams charity. The Bastards had extensive workshops and premises at the rear of this building. After the fire they rebuilt the house at their own expense in exchange for the grant of a long lease of the premises from the Williams charity. The room known as the Bastards' Study or the Mezzanine Room was ornately decorated, unlike the rest of the house, and served as a showroom for their skills in plasterwork, woodwork and interior decoration. [Cox 1997]

This room is open to the public on one day a year, the day of the annual Blandford Forum Georgian Fayre, held on the first Monday in May. For the rest of the year, the room is used as a storeroom for Age Concern's charity shop which leases part of the Grade I listed property.

Other works by John and William Bastard

The Bastard brothers worked in the outmoded Baroque seems to have been through preference rather than ignorance. When working on formal civic buildings they invariably attempted to designed in the more modern Palladian mode, Blandford's town hall exemplifies this. However, when given the freedom of choice over design then they appear to follow the more flowing and curvaceous Baroque. [This theory is expounded by Pevsner p 51] John Bastard's own house, and the "Red Lion" public house both in Blandford are both in the Baroque style, with broken pediments and capitals inspired by those of Borromini rather than those of Palladio. The lack of accurate record keeping at the time has necessitated in many cases attribution to the brothers rather than complete credit.

Outside Blandford, the Bastards were responsible for joiner's and carver's work in Hazlegrove House, Somerset and at Lulworth Castle, Dorset (destroyed by fire in 1929). John Bastard was employed, with the master-mason Francis Cartwright, to rebuild Crichel House, Dorset, for Sir William Napier.

The church of St. Mary at Charlton Marshall is attributed the brothers. [Pevsner 141-142] The church which was built in 1713 has a distinctive tower topped by four obelisk pinnacles. Charlton Marshall was the home of the Horlock-Bastard family, where they had been country gentlemen since the time of the brother' s grandfather Thomas Bastard. [Burlington Magazine] Thus the interior of the church contains memorials to members of the Bastard family, including a sculpture dedicated Thomas Bastard who died in 1791 which depicts a putto standing by an urn. The early 18th century nave of the Church of St Mary at Almer in Dorset is attributed to them as Stepleton House at Iwerne Stepleton, and the church of St. Giles in Wimborne St Giles was rebuilt by the brothers in 1732.

In Poole, a Grade I listed mansion house built in 1746 for the wealthy 18th century merchant Sir Peter Thompson, is attributed to John Bastard. This three storied brick and stuccoed house designed on an "H" plan is designed in a confused Palladian style, the fenestration making the facade crowded. It is now used as offices by private businesses. [cite web | url = http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=412527&resourceID=5 | title = Sir Peter Thompson House | publisher = English Heritage | accessdate = 2008-08-05]

John Bastard rebuilt Crichel House for Sir William Napier after a fire in 1742, [John Cornforth notes payments, starting in 1744, also to Francis Crickford of Blandford. (Cornforth, "The Building of Crichel" "Architectural History" 27, "Design and Practice in British Architecture: Studies in Architectural History Presented to Howard Colvin" [1984] , pp. 268-269).] and the brothers' nephews and heirs, Thomas, [In the younger generation there were two Thomases, "the elder" (1720-1771), son of Samuel, and "the younger" (1724-1791), son of Thomas (d. 1731). (Cornforth :] Benjamin and James, collaborated to enlarge the shell of Crichel House in 1771-73; the new interiors were designed by James Wyatt [Cornforth noted payments to Wyatt 1772-80. ] .

There is a wall monument with a pediment to Benjamin and Thomas Bastard, dated 1772, on the external face of the north wall of the parish church of St Mary Magdalene, Castleton, Sherborne in Dorset. The inscription has weathered away. Inside the nave, on the north wall of the north aisle is a monument to Elizabeth Bastard (née Prankerd), wife of Benjamin Bastard, 1732-3, and their son Benjamin. This is a marble wall monument with side-scrolls, pediment, urn and cherub's head. [RCHME 1952:211] .

Other members of the Bastard family were masons in Dorset and as far afield as London and the Dashwood mausoleum at West Wycombe. There are no records of any member of the Bastard family practising as architects after the first quarter of the 19th century [Webb 1925.]

Evaluation

While the Bastards worked in a provincial style this should not detract from a positive evaluation of their work. Pevsner describes the Bastards works at Blandford as providing "One of the most satisfying Georgian ensembles anywhere in England". [Pevsner. p 95 ] Such architectural naivety as can be found in some of the Bastards' works is visible in small country towns the length and breadth of Britain and exemplify the spread of evolving architectural genres from the cities. [For a brief survey of the practice of architecture in the eighteenth century, see Howard Colvi's preface to "A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600-1840", 3rd ed. (Yale University Press) 1995, ""The Practice of architecture, 1600-1840", "The building trades"] Their work is typical of the architecture which gives character [For the particular character of regional Georgian architecture, see the introductory material in Sir Nicholas Pevsner's "Buildings of England" series; see also C. W. Chalklin, "The Provincial Towns of Georgian England: A Study of the Building Process 1740-1820" (London: Edward Arnold) 1974.] and distinction and an idiosyncratic charm to many of Britain's provincial areas.

Notes

References

*cite book
last = Pevsner
first = Nikolaus
year = 1972
title = The buildings of England — Dorset
publisher = Penguin
location = England
id = ISBN 0 14 071044 2

*cite book
last = Colvin
first = Howard
year = 3rd ed. 1995
title = A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600–1840
publisher = Yale University Press
location = New Haven
id = ISBN 0 300 06091 2

*Cox, Benjamin G., 1997 "The Bastards' House, Blandford Forum" Leaflet prepared by Blandford Museum

*Cox, Benjamin G., 1993 "The Great Fire of Blandford Forum 1731" Published by The Blandford Forum Museum Trust

*Royal Commission on Historical Monuments England 1952 "An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in Dorset Vol 1 - West" London, HMSO

*Webb, Geoffrey "John and William Bastard, of Blandford" "The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs" 47 No. 270 (September 1925, pp. 144-145; 148-150.)
* [http://www.dorset-info.co.uk/towns.asp?Town=Blandford%20Forum Blandford Forum Official site] retrieved 7 March 2007
* [http://www.dorset-opc.com/Blandford/BlandfordForumHutchinsLists.htm Extracts from Hutchins History of Dorset] retrieved 8 March 2007

External links

* [http://people.bath.ac.uk/lismd/dorset/churches/charlton-marshall.html Image of Charlton Marshall Church] retrieved 06 March 2007
* [http://people.bath.ac.uk/lismd/dorset/churches/images/blandford-01.jpgImage of the Fire Monument at Blandford Forum] retrieved 06 March 2007
* [http://www.imagesofdorset.org.uk/2002/Images/f02jul5.htm Image of The Bastards' House and the Fire Monument, Blandford Forum] retrieved 08 May 2007
* [http://www.imagesofdorset.org.uk/Dorset/019/intro.htm Images of Blandford Forum, including the Town Hall and the church] retrieved 08 May 2007
* [http://www.sherbornehouse.org.uk/house/about_sherb_house.html Image of Sherborne House designed by Benjamin Bastard] retrieved 06 March 2007