Hardpan

Hardpan
For the geography term, a dry terminus of an internally drained basin in a dry climate (i.e. salt flat/playa), see Dry lake.

In soil science, agriculture and gardening, hardpan or ouklip is a general term for a dense layer of soil, usually found below the uppermost topsoil layer.[1] There are different types of hardpan, all sharing the general characteristic of being a distinct soil layer that is largely impervious to water. Some hardpans are formed by deposits in the soil that fuse and bind the soil particles. These deposits can range from dissolved silica to matrices formed from iron oxides and calcium carbonate. Others are man-made, such as hardpan formed by compaction from repeated plowing, particularly with moldboard plows, or by heavy traffic or pollution.

Contents

Formation

Soil structure strongly affects its tendency to form a hard pan. One such common soil condition related to hardpan is soil pH. Acid soils are most often affected due to the propensity of certain mineral salts, most notably iron and calcium, to form hard complexes with soil particles under acid conditions.

Another major determinant is the soil particle size. Clay particles are some of the smallest particles commonly found in soils. Due to their structure the spaces between individual clay particles is quite small and already restricts the passage of water, negatively affecting infiltration[2] and hence drainage. Soils with a high clay content are also easily compacted and affected by man-made discharges. Clay particles have a strong negative electrostatic charge and will readily bond to positively charged ions dissolved in the soil-water matrix. Common salts such as sodium ions contained in wastewater can fulfil this role and lead to a localized hardpan in some soil types. This is a common cause of septic system failure due to the prevention of proper drainage in field.

Problems and workarounds

Hardpan can be a problem in farming and gardening by impeding drainage of water and restricting the growth of plant roots. In these situations, the hardpan can be broken up by either mechanical means such as digging or plowing,[3] or through the use of soil amendments. The broadfork is a manual tool specifically designed for this task; a digging fork or a spade might also be used. The chisel plow does a similar job with the help of a tractor.

The use of soil amendments can also be employed to alter the soil structure and promote the dissolution of the hard pan. It has been observed that increasing the amount of soil organic matter through the working-in of manure, compost or peat can both improve local drainage and promote the proliferation of earth worms that can, over time, break relatively thin hardpan layers.

More difficult hardpans may be further improved through the action of both adjusting the soil pH with lime if the soil is acidic, and with the addition of gypsum. This combination can help loosen clay particles bound into a hardpan by the actions of hard salts such as iron, calcium carbonate and sodium, by promoting their mobility through a higher pH while proving a suitable source of exchanging minerals (the gypsum). This works because gypsum salts, although not "soft", are still water permeable and have a larger, more open structure, the results of which do not promote as hard a matrix as was replaced. However, unlike when employing mechanical means, breaking a hardpan through the use of amendments may require action over the course of years, and even then one is by no means assured success. The results are primarily determined by how extensive and / or intractable the hardpan is.

See also

References


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  • hardpan — HÁRDPAN, hardpane, s.n. Strat impermeabil pe care nu l pot străbate rădăcinile plantelor, format din hidroxizi de fier şi alţi coloizi care se precipită. – Din engl. hard pan. Trimis de gall, 13.09.2007. Sursa: DEX 98  hárdpan s. n. (sil. mf.… …   Dicționar Român

  • Hardpan — Hard pan (h[aum]rd p[a^]n), n. The hard substratum. Same as {Hard pan}, under {Hard}, a. [1913 Webster] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • hardpan — [härd′pan΄] n. 1. a layer of hard soil cemented by almost insoluble materials that restrict the downward movement of water and roots 2. solid, unplowed ground ☆ 3. the hard, underlying part of anything; solid foundation …   English World dictionary

  • hardpan — /hahrd pan /, n. 1. any layer of firm detrital matter, as of clay, underlying soft soil. Cf. caliche, duricrust. 2. hard, unbroken ground. 3. the fundamental or basic aspect of anything; solid foundation; underlying reality: the hardpan of… …   Universalium

  • Hardpan — Kankar (auch Kunkur genannt) ist ein geologischer Name oder Ausdruck für eine bestimmte Art von Sediment, abgeleitet aus der Sprache Hindi in Indien. Das Sediment findet sich in Indien, Australien und den Vereinigten Staaten, oft als nodulares… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • hardpan — noun Date: 1817 1. a cemented or compacted and often clayey layer in soil that is impenetrable by roots 2. a fundamental part ; bedrock …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • hardpan — noun a distinct layer of soil that is largely impervious to water …   Wiktionary

  • hardpan —   a thin crust of material within a soil as a result of the illuviation of iron and/or aluminium from layers above or the precipitation of calcium carbonates which cement sands together …   Geography glossary

  • hardpan —    This develops when there are secondary calcium carbonate cementations in the lower part of the soil profile [16].    Synonym: mortar bed.    See also caliche; havara; nari …   Lexicon of Cave and Karst Terminology

  • hardpan — n. layer of clay or other solid matter; unbroken soil; solid base, strong foundation …   English contemporary dictionary

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