- Letters of the Living
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The Báb's tablet to the first Letter of the Living, Mullá Husayn
The Letters of the Living (Arabic: حروف الحي) was a title provided by the Báb to the first eighteen disciples of the Bábí Religion. In some understandings the Báb places himself at the head of this list (as the first letter). In this article, the former notation will be used except when specifically said otherwise.
Mystical meaning
The Báb named the first eighteen believers in his mission as the Letters of the Living (Ḥurúfu'l-ḥayy in Arabic). One of the Báb's titles was the "Primal Point" (nuqti-yi-úlá). The term "Point" refers to the belief that all created things have their origin in the Manifestation of God, just like how letters, the primary units of written language, have their origin in the spot where the pen touches the paper first. Each letter is different from the others, but they all have a common source and are the intermediary between the point and words and sentences. The title "Point" may also refer to the divine and worldly aspects of the Manifestation of God, similar to the geometric point, which is without specific dimension and connects the physical with the nonphysical world.[1]
The term "Hayy" means The Living and is used as one of the names of God in Islamic and Bábí scriptures.[1]
In the Abjad numerals system the letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values. The Arabic letters h ح and y ي, which compose the Arabic singular adjective meaning "living" in the phrase Letters of the Living, add up to 18, and therefore the phrase Letters of the Living refers to the number 18. Interestingly, there is a similar symbolism about the numerical value of the corresponding Hebrew word in Judaism.
The Báb referred to the 18 Letters of the Living, along with himself, as the first Váḥid of the Bayán Dispensation. The Abjad numerical value of the word Váḥid (واحد) is 19. The word Váḥid means "One". The Báb used this term as a reference to God and his Manifestations.[2]
The Letters
The Letters are listed here in the order given by Nabíl in The Dawn-Breakers,[3] and supported by Qatíl al-Karbalá'í except where indicated:
Mullá Hụsayn
Main article: Mullá HusaynMuḥammad-Ḥasan Bushrú'í
Muḥammad-Ḥasan Bushrú'í was the second Letter of the Living, and the brother of Mullá Husayn. He, his sons, Muḥammad-Báqir Bushrú'í, and Mullá Ḥusayn travelled to Shiraz in search of the Qá'im; where the Báb revealed his message.
He was killed during the Battle of Fort Shaykh Ṭabarsí. Bábís consider him a martyr.
Muḥammad-Báqir Bushrú'í
Muḥammad-Báqir Bushrú'í was the third Letter of the Living, and the nephew of Mullá Husayn. He and Muḥammad-Ḥasan Bushrú'í (his father) travelled with his uncle Mullá Ḥusayn to Shiraz in search of the Qá'im where the Báb revealed his message.
He was killed in the fighting at the Ṭabarsí. Bábís consider him a martyr.
Mullá `Alí Basṭámí
Main article: Mullá 'Alíy-i-BastámíThis first Bábí martyr.
Mullá Khudá-Bakhsh Qúchání
Later named Mullá `Alí(*)
Mullá Ḥasan Bajistání
Mullá Ḥasan Bajistání was the sixth Letter of the Living. He did not play a significant role as a Bábí and seemed to have expressed his doubts of the Bábs message during a meeting with Bahá'u'lláh.
It is unlikely he played a significant role in the Azali-Bahá'í debate that followed.
Siyyid Ḥusayn Yazdí
Siyyid Ḥusayn Yazdí was the seventh Letter of the Living. He is known as the Báb's amanuensis who shared his imprisonment in Maku and then Chihriq. In the story of the Báb's execution, he is the secretary that the Báb spoke to before being taken away to be shot.
Siyyid Ḥusayn Yazdí was executed in Tehran in 1852 in the aftermath on the attempt on the Shah's life.
Mullá Muḥammad Rawḍih-Khán Yazdí
He... remained apart from other Bábís and was generally known as a Shaykhi. But he never renounced his faith and taught it whenever he could. (H.M. Balyuzi, The Bab - The Herald of the Day of Days, p. 27)
Sa`íd Hindí(*)
According to the official website of the Bahá'ís of Pakistan, Sa`íd Hindí was a native of Multan, in present day Pakistan. He was one of the students of Siyyid Kazim Rashti in Iraq. Sa`íd Hindí met the Báb after He declared His mission in 1844. The Báb sent him to India to announce the news of His advent. Sa`íd Hindí reached Multan in that very year to share the Báb's message with his fellow countrymen.[4] Sayyid Basir Hindí, one of Sa`íd Hindí's contacts and a blind man of Sufi background from the Multan area, embraced the Bábí Faith and set out on pilgrimage to Shiraz in Iran to meet the Báb.[5]
Mullá Maḥmud Khu'í
He was killed at Ṭabarsí.
Mullá (`Abdu'l-)Jalíl Urúmí (Urdúbádí)
He was killed at Ṭabarsí.
Mullá Aḥmad-i-Ibdál Marághi'í
He was killed at Ṭabarsí.
Mullá Báqir Tabrízí
Mullá Báqir Tabrízí was the Thirteenth Letter of the Living. He lived beyond the Bábí uprisings and later became a Bahá'í, the only Letter to do so.
He outlived the other Letters and died in Istanbul in around 1881.
- A tablet written to Mullá Baqir-i-Tabrizi - Translator has included a short biographical stub
Mullá Yúsuf Ardibílí(*)
Mullá Yúsuf Ardibílí was the fourteenth Letter of the Living.
He was killed in the fighting at the Ṭabarsí. Bábís consider him a martyr.
- Glossary of the Kitáb-i-Íqán - includes a small biography of Mullá Yusif-i-Ardibili
Mullá Hádí Qazvíní
Main article: Mullá Hádí-i-QazviniQatíl has Mullá Muhammad-i-Mayáma'í in his place among the Letters of the Living.
Mullá Muḥammad-`Alí Qazvíní
Ṭáhirih's brother-in-law. Killed at Ṭabarsí.
Ṭáhirih(*)
Main article: TáhirihQuddús
Main article: Quddús(*) - Not included in the list provided by Qatíl which was created far earlier. He does not however provide alternatives and leaves the count at fourteen.
Although the Báb seems to have written a tablet to each of the letters, the names are not on any of them so the identities cannot be confirmed.
Of these the most distinguished are Mullá Ḥusayn, Ṭáhirih and Quddús. Ṭáhirih is singled out because she is the only woman and recognised the Báb without even meeting him. She sent a letter of belief through her brother-in-law and was sure he would find the Báb.
Polemical claims about the Letters
The Letters of the Living were all appointed by the Báb in the period between May 1844, when he first declared his mission and October 1844 when he set out for his pilgrimage to Mecca. Individuals such as Mírzá Yaḥyá, Bahá'u'lláh, Áqá Sayyid `Ali Arab and Mullá Rajab `Ali who all became Bábís after this period were not and could not have been part of the Letters of the Living as has been claimed in some accounts.
Most of the Letters died in Bábí uprisings before Bahá'u'lláh started the Bahá'í Faith.
Mírzá Yaḥyá amongst the Letters
It has been stated that Mírzá Yaḥyá was the fourth of the Letters of the Living (where the Báb would be the first) by E.G. Browne in A Traveller's Narrative (page xvi). The book does not include any other details of the Letters and is against the Bahá'ís' commonly accepted view that Mulla Ḥusayn's brother and nephew recognised the Báb shortly after him (since they'd take the third and fourth place).
Also the paragraph claims that Bahá'u'lláh was also in the group. The assertion that either were Letters is contrary to Bahá'í accounts.
It is notable that Mírzá Yaḥyá would have been 12, or perhaps 13 at the declaration of the Báb.
See also
- Muqatta'at, abbreviated letters of the Qur'án
References
- ^ a b Editors (2009). "Letters of the Living (Hurúf-i-Hayy)". Bahá’í Encyclopedia Project. Evanston, IL: National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. http://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?view=article&catid=38%3Ahistory&id=65%3Aletters-of-the-living&option=com_content&Itemid=74.
- ^ Notes by the Universal House of Justice, Iraj Ayman, Muhammad Afnán, Robert Stockman. Bayán: The symbol of "Letters" and the Letters of the Living
- ^ Nabíl, The Dawn-Breakers, Chapter 3, p. 80
- ^ Bahá’í Faith in Pakistan
- ^ Sepehr Manuchehri: Historical Account of two Indian Babis: Sa'en Hindi and Sayyid Basir Hindi
- Amanat, Abbas (1989). Resurrection and Renewal. Cornell University Press, New York, USA. ISBN 0-8014-2098-9.
- Nabíl-i-Zarandí (1932). Shoghi Effendi (Translator). ed. The Dawn-Breakers: Nabíl’s Narrative (Hardcover ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-900125-22-5. http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/nz/DB/.
- Smith, Peter (1999). A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
- Taherzadeh, A. (1976). The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 1: Baghdad 1853-63. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0853982708. http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha'i/Others/ROB/V1/Cover.html.
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