- NASA X-38
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X-38 
Role Crew Return Vehicle Manufacturer Scaled Composites (prototypes) First flight 1999 Status Cancelled 29 April 2002 Primary user NASA Number built 2 atmospheric prototypes
1 orbital prototype (incomplete)Developed from Martin-Marietta X-24 The X-38 Crew Return Vehicle (CRV) was a prototype for a wingless lifting body reentry vehicle that was to be used as a Crew Return Vehicle for the International Space Station (ISS). The X-38 was developed to the point of a drop test vehicle before its development was cancelled in 2002 due to budget cuts.[1]
Contents
History
The X-38 CRV prototype makes a gentle lakebed landing at the end of a July 1999 test flight at the Dryden Flight Research Center with a fully deployed parafoil.
The crew size for the ISS depends upon the crew return capability: the crew was limited to three because the Russian Soyuz TMA vehicle that will remain docked to the ISS can only hold three people. Now with two docked Soyuz vehicles, the ISS has been crewed with 6 members since May 2009. Since it is imperative that the crew members be able to return to Earth if there is a medical emergency or if other complications arise, a Crew Return Vehicle able to hold up to seven crew members was planned from the outset: this would have allowed the full complement of seven astronauts to live and work onboard the ISS. NASA has designed several crew return vehicles over the years with varying levels of detail.[2]
A small, in-house development study of the X-38 concept first began at JSC in early 1995. In early 1996, a contract was awarded to Scaled Composites, Inc., of Mojave, Calif., for the construction of three full-scale atmospheric test airframes. The first vehicle airframe was delivered to JSC in September 1996.[3]
Development
X-38 was the program under leadership of NASA Johnson Space Center to build a series of incremental flight demonstrators for the proposed Crew Return Vehicle. In an unusual move for an X-plane, the program involved the European Space Agency and the German Space Agency DLR. It was originally called X-35. The program manager was John Muratore, while the Flight Test Engineer was future NASA astronaut Michael E. Fossum.
The X-38 design used a wingless lifting body concept originally developed by the U.S. Air Force in the mid-1960s during the X-24 program, and it was Muratore's brainchild.
The X-38 program used unmanned mockups to test the CRV design. The flight models were:
- X-38 V-131
- X-38 V-132
- X-38 V-131R, which was the V-131 prototype reworked with a modified shell
- X-38 V-201, which was an orbital prototype to be launched by the Space Shuttle
- X-38 V-133 and V-202 were also foreseen at some point in the project[citation needed] but were never built.
The X-38 V-131 and V-132 shared the aerodynamic shape of the X-24A. This shape had to be enlarged for the Crew Return Vehicle needs (crew of seven astronauts) and redesigned, especially in the rear part, which became thicker.
The X-38 V-131R was designed at 80 percent of the size of a CRV [24.5 ft long (7.5 m), 11.6 ft wide (3.5 m), 8.4 ft high (2.6 m)], and featured the final redesigned shape (Two later versions, V-133 and V-201, were planned at 100 percent of the CRV size). The 80% scale versions were flown at 15,000 to 24,000 pound weight. The X-38 V-201 orbital prototype was 80 percent complete, but never flown.
In tests the V-131, V-132 and V-131R were dropped by a B-52 from altitudes of up to 45,000 ft (13,700 m), gliding at near transonic speeds before deploying a drogue parachute to slow them to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h). The later prototypes had their descent continue under a 7,500-square-foot (700 m2) parafoil wing, the largest ever made.[4] Flight control was mostly autonomous, backed up by a ground-based pilot.
The X-38 project cancellation was announced on April 29, 2002[1] due to budget concerns.
The X-38 V-132 is now on permanent loan from NASA to the Strategic Air and Space Museum at Ashland Nebraska.
As of November 2009, the 80% complete X-38 V-201, having been moved out of "Hangar X" at Johnson Space Center- is now sitting under a blue plastic tarp outside the Media Resource Center (Building 423) at Johnson Space Center, Houston
As of November 2010, the X-38 V-131R is on loan from NASA to the Evergreen Aviation Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.
Design
X-38 V-201 test model previously located at Bldg. 220 at Johnson Space Center, Houston, TexasThe fifth test drop flight of X-38. The aircraft is released from a B-52 mothership, free falls for a while, opens and fully deploys the parafoil and finally makes a gentle landingFollowing the jettison of a deorbit engine, the X-38 would have glided from orbit and used a steerable parafoil for its final descent and landing. The high speeds at which lifting body aircraft operate make them dangerous to land. The parafoil would have been used to slow the vehicle and make landing safer. The landing gear consisted of skids rather than wheels: the skids worked like sleds so the vehicle would have slid to a stop on the ground.
Both the shape and size of the X-38 were different from that of the Space Shuttle. The Crew Return Vehicle would have fit into the payload bay of the shuttle. This does not, however, mean that it would have been small. The X-38 weighed 10,660 kg and was 9.1 meters long. The battery system, lasting nine hours, was to be used for power and life support. If the Crew Return Vehicle was needed, it would only take two to three hours for it to reach Earth.
The parafoil parachute, employed for landing, was derived from technology developed by the U.S. Army. This massive parafoil deploys in 5 stages for optimum performance. A drag chute would have been released from the rear of the X-38. This drag chute would have been used to stabilize and slow the vehicle down. The giant parafoil — area of 687 square meters — was then released. It would open in five steps (a process called staging). While the staging process only takes 45 seconds, it is important for a successful chute deployment. Staging prevents high-speed winds from tearing the parafoil.
The spacecraft’s landing was to be completely automated. Mission Control would have sent coordinates to the onboard computer system. This system would also have used wind sensors and the Global Positioning System (a satellite-based coordinate system) to coordinate a safe trip home. Since the Crew Return Vehicle was designed with medical emergencies in mind, it made sense that the vehicle could find its way home automatically in the event that crew members were incapacitated or injured. If there was a need, the crew would have the capability to operate the vehicle by switching to the backup systems. In addition, seven high altitude low opening (HALO) parachute packs were included in the crew cabin, a measure designed to provide for the need to jettison the craft.
An Advanced Docking Berthing System (ADBS) was designed for the X-38 and the work on it led to the Low Impact Docking System the Johnson Space Center later created for the planned vehicles in Project Constellation.
The X-38 rescue vehicle was also known as the X-35 (but that designation was already allocated by the USAF to another vehicle) and X-CRV (experimental - Crew Return Vehicle)
Specifications
3-View of the CRV, line art.See also
- Related development
- Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Trivia
- The Oakland-based, Space-themed punk/rockabilly band, The Phenomenauts, released a song called "Where is the X-38?" openly criticizing the cancellation of the X-38 project. The song was released on their second album, Re-Entry, in 2004.
Notes
- ^ a b "X-38". Federation of American Scientists. http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/usa/launch/x-38.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-20.
- ^ Marcus Lindroos. "NASA ACRV". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/nasaacrv.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
- ^ "NASA - Current Research Projects - X-38 CRV". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/research/X38_Save/index.html. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
- ^ "X-38 Team Successfully Flies Largest Parafoil Parachute in History". NASA. http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/station/x38/parafoil.html. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
References
- "NASA Dryden Fact Sheets". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-038-DFRC.html. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
- "NASA - Current Research Projects - X-38 CRV". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/research/X38_Save/index.html. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
- "X38/CRV FDIR". NASA's Smart Systems Research Lab. http://ssrl.arc.nasa.gov/x38.html. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
- "Crew Return Vehicle (CRV)". ESA. http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESARZS0VMOC_iss_0.html. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
External links
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