- Striped skunk
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Striped skunk [1] 
Conservation status Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Suborder: Caniformia Family: Mephitidae Genus: Mephitis Species: M. mephitis Binomial name Mephitis mephitis
(Schreber, 1776)
Range of Mephitis mephitis The striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis, is an omnivorous mammal of the skunk family Mephitidae. Found over most of the North American continent north of Mexico, it is one of the best-known mammals in Canada and the United States.[3]
Contents
Description
The striped skunk has a black body with a white stripe along each side of its body; the two stripes join into a broader white area at the nape. Its forehead has a narrow white stripe. About the size of a house cat, it weighs 2.5 to 14 pounds (1.2–6.3 kg) (Note that the average weight is 6–8 pounds (2.73 kg-3.64 kg)) with a body length (excluding the tail) of 13 to 18 inches (33–46 cm). Males may be 10% larger than females.[4] The bushy tail is 7 to 10 inches long (18–25 cm), and sometimes has a white tip. The presence of a striped skunk is often first made apparent by its odor. It has well-developed anal scent glands (characteristic of all skunks) that can emit a highly unpleasant odor when the skunk feels threatened by another animal.
Range and ecology
Striped skunk
The striped skunk is widespread throughout North America. Its range includes south Canada from Nova Scotia to British Columbia as well as most of the continental United States and parts of northern Mexico.[4][5] It can be found in elevations up to 1800 meter but rarely above 4000 m.[6] Skunks can be found in a number of habitats, include woodlands, grasslands and agricultural lands. The skunk has increased its range with the cutting of forests throughout North America.[4]
The striped skunk is omnivorous and has a varied diet. Its diet consists mostly of insects such as beetles, grasshoppers and crickets.[4][5][7] It also eats earthworms, snails, crayfish, wasps and ants.[4][7] It preys on vertebrates like frogs and small mammals including voles, mice, moles, rats and squirrels.[4][7][8] It also eats bird eggs. Plant matter the skunk eats include blackberries, raspberries, black cherries, blueberries, grains, corn and nuts.[4] Skunks eat mostly insects and mammals during the spring and summer.[6] During the fall and winter, more plant matter is consumed.[5] In settled areas, skunks also seek human garbage. Less often, skunks may be found acting as scavengers, eating bird and rodent carcasses left by cats or other animals. Pet owners, particularly those of cats, may experience a skunk finding its way into a garage or basement where pet food is kept. Skunks commonly dig holes in lawns in search of grubs and worms.
Skunks are one of the primary predators of the honeybee, relying on their thick fur to protect them from stings. The skunk scratches at the front of the beehive and eats the guard bees that come out to investigate. Mother skunks are known to teach this to their young.
Most predatory animals of the Americas, such as wolves, foxes and badgers, seldom attack skunks – presumably out of fear of being sprayed. The exception is the great horned owl – the animal's only serious predator – which, like most birds, has a poor-to-nonexistent sense of smell.
Behavior and reproduction
A striped skunk kitThe skunk is crepuscular. Beginning its search for food at dawn and dusk, it feeds on mice, eggs, carrion, insects, grubs, and berries. At sunrise, it retires to its den, which may be in a ground burrow, or beneath a building, boulder, or rock pile. While the male dens by itself, several females may live together. The striped skunk does not hibernate but instead goes into a dormant or semi-active state. Outside the breeding season, males are solitary and try to build fat reserves while females defend their maternity dens.[4]
Most of the striped skunk’s breedings occurs from mid-February to mid-April.[4][7] A skunk breeds only once a year.[4][8] Male skunks are polygamous and will mate with several females in succession.[4] When encountering an estrous female, a male will approach her from the rear and then smell and lick the vulva area.[4] The male then grasps the female by the nape and then mounts and copulates with her.[4][8]
Once a female is impregnated she doesn’t allow any more copulations and will fight off any male that tries to mount her.[4] However, females that lose their litters may lead to a later mating.[7] The young are born in May or early.[7] Skunks tend to have litters of 4 to 8 with 2 and 10 being extremes.[7] The young are born hairless but have their striping pattern.[7] By eight days, the young’s musk odor can be emitted. By 22 days, the young’s eyes open.[7] After an eight week nursing , the litter then hunt with their mothers and eventually they disperse.[7]
In captivity
Main article: Pet skunkThe striped skunk can be kept as a pet in the United States (not all states), Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and the United Kingdom. The striped skunk – but not other species, depending on the province – is illegal to keep as a pet in Canada. Although capable of living indoors with humans similarly to dogs or cats, pet skunks are relatively rare, partly due to restrictive laws and the complexity of their care. Pet skunks are mainly kept in the United States, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy.
In the United States, pet skunks can be purchased from licensed animal shelters, non-profit skunk educational organizations such as the American Domestic Skunk Association, Inc., or breeders with a permit from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Baby skunk availability peaks during springtime, immediately following the skunk mating season. Some large fur farms sell surplus skunks to pet stores.
Classification and first identification
The striped skunk was first described by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1776.[9]
Thirteen subspecies of striped skunk are generally recognized:[1]
- M. m. avia Bangs, 1898
- M. m. elongata Bangs, 1895
- M. m. estor Merriam, 1890
- M. m. holzneri Mearns, 1898
- M. m. hudsonica Richardson, 1829
- M. m. major Howell, 1901
- M. m. mephitis Schreber, 1776
- M. m. mesomelas Lichtenstein, 1832
- M. m. nigra Peale and Palisot de Beauvois, 1796
- M. m. notata Hall, 1936
- M. m. occidentalis Baird, 1858
- M. m. spissigrada Bangs, 1898
- M. m. varians Gray, 1837
References
- ^ a b Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds (2005). Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3.
- ^ "Mephitis mephitis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/41635. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
- ^ * Burt, William H., and Grossenheider, Richard P. A Field Guide to the Mammals (of America North of Mexico). (The Petersen Field Guide Series.) Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-24084-0 p. 65.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Godin, A. J. 1982. "Striped and hooded skunks." In: J. A. Chapman and G. A. Feldhamer (eds), Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and economics, pp. 674–687. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
- ^ a b c Rosatte, R. C. 1987. Striped, Spotted, Hooded, and Hog-nosed Skunk. In: M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Obbard and B. Malloch (eds), Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America, pp. 1150 pp.. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ontario Trappers Association, Ontario, Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- ^ a b Rue, L. L. 1981. Furbearing animals of North America. Crown Publications, New York, USA.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hamilton Jr., W. J. and Whitaker Jr., J. O. 1979. Mammals of the Eastern United States. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA.
- ^ a b c Verts, B. J. 1967. The biology of the striped skunk. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, USA.
- ^ ITIS Report. "ITIS Standard Report: Mephitis Mephitis". http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180562. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
External links
- Striped Skunk at Animal Diversity Web
- Striped Skunk Tracks
- Smithsonian Institution - North American Mammals: Mephitis mephitis
- Smithsonian Wild: Mephitis mephitis
Categories:- IUCN Red List least concern species
- Skunks
- Mammals of North America
- Mammals of the United States
- Animals described in 1776
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